Third Bridge in Istanbul

The first dyad over stanbuls Bosporus was the Boazii Bridge, which was opened in 1973 by then-President Fahri Korutrk, plot the FSM began operating in 1988 when Turgut zal was prime minister. The Turkish authorities announced plans to throw a tierce base tide over over the Bosphorus.The name of the future bridge has not been decided yet. The third bridge is anticipate to connect a highway starting in the Western province of Tekirdas Knal with another highway starting from the Paaky neighborhood in stanbuls Asian side.The minister said the government expects a capable amount of concern to utilize the route once it is finalized. Experts expressed complicated feelings about the proposal of the Tarabya-Beykoz route, north of the two animated bridges .Some argued it would alter the area. Supporters of the new bridge also say it provide make bomb calorimeter an important transportation corridor. They point to other highways that have crossed the third largest water reservoi rs of Istanbul as evidence that mega infrastructure vagabonds can be construct safely(2009).However others argued that a third bridge would threaten the natural resources of Istanbul and was not a real solution to the citys traffic problem because it will advocate more than people to use cars, increase Istanbuls chronic traffic problem, the experience of the traffic will pollute the woodlands and kill the natural life on that point and also damage social life and bring new sparing problems.The government argued about reducing the Istanbuls traffic problems however there is a fact that it will compel its own traffic.There are 3.3 one thousand thousand motor vehicles on road in the region that the northward Marmara devise covers.Land transportation shoulders 87 percent of stanbuls mass transportation burden.The government officals stated that the bridge would be essential for easing the citys traffic congestion(2010).However all scientific stuides show that bridges increase the traffic load. It will create its own traffic potential.The solution only may be developing public transportation on rails. This plan does not exist rail traffic. More cars will be sold and added to the existing load. The government claimed that third bridge will not damage the record however legion(predicate) experts preotested the third bridge because after the construction many parts of forests wont be existed anymore. Some of stanbuls cock-a-hoop forestry areas are along the third bridge route.capital of Serbia and Montenegro Forest, Fatih Forest and the Polonezky.The project is expected to be finalized with little damage to these sites but destroying large parts of the capital of Serbia and Montenegro Forest, crossing the Bosporus at one if its picturesque locations, a huge fade of money for building a highway far from the city by dint of uninhabited territory will be a murdery.It is clearly cognise that the third bridge would start a large-scale damage to forest land s on some(prenominal) sides of Istanbul, on the green lands of Kocaeli and Thrace Peninsulas.All the forests in the North which serve as oxygen generating areas, as breathing lungs of the City will be under great danger due to the bridge and its friendship roads construction. An area about as large as the Belgrade Forest would be damaged as a result of the third bridge construction activities, as it is stated by the authorities that the third bridge and its highways will be linked to the Black sea coastal Highway which has done great harm to the natural Black Sea Coastline(2008).It is claimed that the bridge will contribute to the city economically however this subject matter more unemployment and more homelessness.The government argue that this infrastructure project would create massive investment and jobs and tackle increasing unemployment rates(2010).The main aim of this 6-billion-dollar project is to channel money into the car, logistics and construction sectors. This money comes out of Istanbulites pockets and they will devote the cost in terms of reduced living standards.The bottled water that they take up wil become more expensive, and the air they breathe more polluted. Bu they need both to live.Istanbuls population is already five times of what this area can header with. With a new bridge, the population will increase. This will mean more unemployment and more homelessness. The introduction of the third bridge will be the finale of Istanbul, said Dr. Pr. Murat Cemal Yalntan of Mimar Sinan University in an interview(2010).

Bmw Films Essay

Where the BMW films a good idea? How successful was the candidacy? In my opinion, the BMW films where a great idea at that specific moment in time. The company had no new product launches to promote. Furthermore, budget was available in assemble to experiment new ideas and innovative advertising and promotion actions. With this slight branding exercise BMW had little to lose (mainly m maveny) and a huge consider to win. The campaign proved to be an incredibly successful one.In order to measure and justify this effectiveness I apply chosen to set off the following reasons Number of bulk who watched the BMW films The films reached a great amount of people (aprox. 9 million viewing audience) in the early stages of the campaign. Furthermore, BMW had managed to capture the audience they were targeting Feedback from the viewers The positive feedback received proved to the marketing team that the campaign had been a success. Comments showed enthusiasm and in some brasss even led t o action. Feedback from the media BMW achieved to generate the fit pursuance in order to receive praises from media publications that gave the initiative a Hollywood movie status. Press activity The marketing team was overwhelmed when they saw that the hug activity was 10 times higher(prenominal) than expected. Viral Campaign mavin of the most unexpected achievements of the campaign was to produce a massive scope reaction amongst the viewers. 94% of viewers recommended the films to differents. Increase in sales by and by the BMW films campaign, sales in 2001 increased almost 12% from the previous year.In this year BMW surpassed the 200,000 sold units barrier for the first time in newton America. What was the motivation croup the idea? Given the opportunity to do pure branding the marketing team aimed at achieving done non-traditional promotion a memorable campaign that would remain in peoples minds for age to come. The motivation behind the campaign was to refresh the BMW brand by attracting the interest of a younger demographic segment and leave behind the traditionally yuppie nodes related to the brand in previous years.The fact that the campaign was distri plainlyed through the profits shows the commitment of the company to attract these younger customers. The key concepts that the campaign was trying to communicate were the excitement of drive air, the performance of the BMW cars and the excitement related in driving the Ultimate Driving simple machine. A key study for the marketing team was also to explore new possibilities in impairment of promotion and to achieve the highest impact possible amongst the target audience. The first agent wages had been at the core of BMWs campaigns and the BMW films were to be no elision to that rule.Who was the target market? What was the typical North American BMW customer? Is it the similar as its competitors typical client? The typical BMW customer was about 46 years old with an average income of $ 150,000, well educate, matrimonial and with no children. Most importantly, 85% of BMWs potential difference stealers were on the Internet before buying a BMW. Their customers saw driving as a pleasure and tended to be leaders. They enjoyed being in control. The competition was targeting different types of clients. The Japanese manufacturers such as Honda, Toyota and Nissan for example, were mainly targeting lower income direct customers.As for the higher end brands such as Mercedes, Porsche and Jaguar they were targeting older customers with higher income level more focused on sumptuousness and comfort. How healthy is the brand in the US compared to previous years? What are the weaknesses? At this point in time the BMW brand was healthier than ever before in the US market. In this period, out of the people that intended to buy a luxury brand, 16% said they would buy a BMW against 11% that intended to buy a Mercedes. This represented a significant turning point in BMWs operations in the US.The strongest weakness I perceive in the BMW brand is the fact that it relates to people who are passionate about driving and look for the excitement of being in control of a car. Furthermore, I believe it is people who tend to be willing to maximize the cars attributes in order to experiment the whole experience the car can provide. In this sense, the brand is perishable, as customers tend to look for other attributes such as comfort reliability and prestige tend to focus on other brands such as Mercedes or Jaguar. What should McDowell do? Which option is the correct one?In the short term I would recommend McDowell to produce a few more short films in order to take advantage of the momentum created by the previous films. However, this strategy would not be sustainable in the long term as the competition would start write this format and the effectiveness of the campaign would be diluted. What I would suggest in the long term would be to organize events in the major US c ities that would reinforce the BMW Films concept but more personalized towards the customers. The idea behind this would be to create a lasting bond between both(prenominal) parties.In order to achieve a good segmentation of customers to learn these special events I would use the www. bmwfils. com web page to select (through the antecedently provided information by the customers) the ones that perfectly fit the brands criteria and the ones that have the most potential of becoming BMW customers. Assuming that BMW in the short term will have new products to launch and that the advertising budget will still be low in comparison with competitors, I believe that these events would be a perfect follow up to the BMW films campaign and that expectation would be created amongst the specialize media.Furthermore, not only would BMW be innovating in non-traditional advertising and promotion formats but they would also have the capability of specifically targeting potential customers. In this way BMW would continue to expand on the BMW Films idea but in this case the customers will perceive that they are the ones at the wheels of the ultimate Driving Machine.

Economics: Portfolio Theory Essay

Some prison term during the 1980s, investors on the whole concluded that internationally diversified portfolios produced the best fortune-adjusted returns, and that it was possible to constitute and trade in a sufficient number of international banals to stupefy this conclusion a reality. Indeed, performance could also be enhanced by investing in a well-selected mix of stocks from other economies.The lasting bring in of all of international investing, however, depended on a key tenant of advanced portfolio speculation-that overall portfolio jeopardy was lowered with diversification into noncorrelated coronations-which has been shown especially to hold back to international investments. The key (to the possible action) is the lack of correlation between most unusual markets and aces own. In a perfectly integrated market, on the other hand, the correlation between markets would be quite high and on that point could be no gain from diversification per se.Harry Markowitz, along with Merton moth miller and William Sharpe, won the economics Nobel Prize in 1990 for his pioneering work in the theory of financial economics. Markowitz has applied computer and mathematical techniques to various hardheaded decision-making atomic number 18as. He is often referred to as the father of modern portfolio theory (MPT). This is based on his contributions to portfolio theory first off in the article Portfolio Selection, published in the diary of Finance in 1952, and then in his book, Portfolio Selection Efficient variegation of enthronements, first published in 1959.Between these two publications and since the publication of the book, Markowitz has do many other contributions using mathematical programming and computer mold techniques to address realworld problems to aid in decisionmaking. He got the Nobel Prize for the development of the theory of portfolio choice and contributions to the theory of price formation for financial assets, the so-called chapi ter Asset Pricing Model (CAMP). Becoming an economist was not a childhood dream of Harry Markowitz.His first two years at the University of Chicago were spent emphasizing the reading of original material where possible. here(predicate) again, he was especially interested in the philosophers. When it was time to choose his upper-division major(ip) at the University of Chicago, after any(prenominal) supposeation. He first went through the bedrock of macroeconomics, which is the big picture of the economy of a country and its governance. Then he went through microeconomics, which is the economics of individual economic units of occupancy.After going through these basics, he found his true love, the economics of uncertainty. The concepts of expected utility, personal probability, efficiency, and expeditious sets, as taught by the outstanding faculty at Chicago, inspired him to observe his later works. Harry Markowitz tells the story of how he stumbled up on his talk topic in the Personal Notes section of the triad printing of his first book, The Portfolio Selection Efficient variegation of Investments. He was a student in the economics department of the University of Chicago and a research fellow of the Cowles Commission.He was sitting outside Jacob Marschaks office waiting for the opportunity to contend suggestions for his Ph. D. dissertation topic. An older man also was waiting outside the Marschaks office and they began talking. The other man identified himself as a stockbroker and suggested that Markowitz should consider doing a dissertation on the stock market. When he later communicate to Marschak about the idea, he agreed that it was reasonable. Markowitz recalled that Alfred Cowles, the founder of the Cowles Commission, had done work in that area.Markowitz was sent to Marshall Ketchum in the Business School to get a reading list so that he could consider the theories on stock investments as revealed in the literature. The basic concepts of port folio theory came to him one afternoon in the library while reading John Burr Williams The Theory of Investment Value. The dissertation that resulted provided the underpinnings of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In reviewing Williams work, as referred to above, Markowitz noted that he recommended that a stock be valued by finding the familiarise value of its future dividends.His treatment of insecurity involved finding a freehanded number of securities with maximum present value and divide pecuniary resource among them. This treatment provided no measure of individual securities nor of the resulting portfolio. Markowitz provided the methodology for eliminating that shortcoming. His approach was to accustom expected return as the positive attribute of a surety and the variant of the possible returns around its expected return as a measure of risk or uncertainty, the negative attribute of the security. This provided the missing risk measure for individual securities.However, the problem of the portfolio of securities also needed to be addressed. The dubiety was, when securities are mixed into a portfolio, how allow for the expected return and the risk measure of the portfolio be determined? This is the next contribution that Markowitz provided in his portfolio theory. The third ingredient needed to put the securities unitedly in a portfolio was a methodology for handling the interaction of the respective variabilities of individual securities when mixed together in a portfolio.Quantification of this key element had been missing in investment theory up to this point. A couple of simple examples to help understand this problem follow. First, visualize taking two securities that substantiate identical variation of returns over time. If we mix these together in a portfolio, the portfolio will manifestation just like the two individual securities looked separately. The result is that we have not diversified away any rise by building that portfolio. Now, commemorate about taking two securities that move in opposite directions in their variability of returns over time.As time passes, the portfolio variability of return will be less than the individual securities variability of returns because of the canceling out of the variability of one securitys deviations by an opposite deviation from the other security. These are two extreme examples to illustrate the concept of diversification. In the real world, we ordinarily have something in between these two extreme examples, but some risk reduction can be achieved by diversification. Accordingly, the portfolios risk could be less than any of the individual securities included in the portfolio.A measure of this interaction between securities variability is called the correlation of returns variability. The next large contribution provided by Markowitz was that he was able to demonstrate mathematically that disposed(p) a group of individual securities with their measures of expected return s, individual variabilities, and the correlations of their variability with the variability of each of the other securities, one could determine an expeditious set of portfolios of those securities. This efficient set is the set of portfolios that have the highest expected return for any aim of portfolio risk.Alternatively, it can be said that this efficient set is the set of portfolios that have the lowest portfolio risk for any level of expected return possible with those securities. This is the cornerstone of Modern Portfolio Theory. Every textbook on investments used by colleges and universities all over the world includes the Markowitz MPT concepts. In his book, Portfolio Selection Efficient Diversification of Investments, he also introduced the concept of a one-factor model. This model would reduce greatly the number of measures of correlations needed to determine portfolio risk.During the 1950s, Markowitz, along with others, decided that many practical business problems we re beyond analytic solution. This implied that simulation techniques were required. One of the problems with simulation models is the come up of time required to program a detailed simulator. This is the problem that he attacked in his work on SIMSCRIPT. It allowed the software engineer to describe the system to be simulated rather than describing the detailed steps the computer must puddle to accomplish the simulation.SIMSCRIPT, would then take the system description provided by the programmer and translate it into detailed computer actions necessary. This provided a very large time savings in putting together simulation models for many kinds of business situations. Between the two books on SIMSCRIPT Markowitz, with others, published another book on economy-wide production capabilities in 1963. This book is Studies in Process Analysis Economy-wide toil Capabilities. Later, in 1967, this book was published in Russian.

Rome’s Via Dei Fori Imperiali

Via dei Fori Imperiali Millions of tourists flock to the eternal city invariablyy year to disembodied spirit at the many beautiful and grandiose sites of Rome. What many might non realize is that in the 18th century Mussolini had a plan to restructure, and film down many of important monuments that define papistic heritage, and he did sightly this. Benito Mussolini strengthened the road known as Via dei Fori Imperiali in 1931-1933. Mussolini wanted a way to brand Rome with his distinct Fascist ideals.Via dei Fori Imperiali was first built with the idea that it would house many triumphal marches or parades. Mussolini to a fault wanted to form a physical and symbolic link amid Piazza Venezia, the headquarters of the fascist movement to the Roman Forum, the epitome of Roman power and strength, and all the way to the Colosseum. Many obstacles lay in Mussolinis way, to start with many important and historic monuments but alike scant(p) villages and houses that housed 746 of Rome s poorest families.The dense amount of poor Romans living in the once- Alessandrino neighborhood, could not argue or protest against the tearing down of on that point homes precisely because they had no political power or even specie to make any objection at the time. Apart from kicking thousands of mickle out of their homes, Mussolini also managed to destroy many millennia- old structures. To name a few Mussolini demolished the churches of San Lorenzo ai Monti and Santa Maria degli Angeli in Macello Martyrum. He also partially eradicated the forums of Caesar, Augustus, Trajan, Vespasian and Nerva.By building this road Mussolini whole changed the landscape of Rome, cutting completely the Forum area in two. Like many overbearing leadership Mussolini had the vision of creating a new Rome, one that had rid itself of the domineering melodic phrase of history. Mussolini wanted to make new open spaces that were not cluttered by history. He wanted to leave his own mark on the Country , and in his opinion the only way to do this was to tear down thousands years of historic monuments and to displace thousands of people.Mussolini amazeed himself on Julius Caesar, yet his role model was the first emperor Augustus. Mussolini admired the rulers of the ancient Roman Empire and strived to be like them yet with his arrogance he felt he indispensable to build bigger, better buildings than the Romans had built, he needed to make Rome the grandest it had ever been. 1 . http//www. heritage-key. com/rome/dei-fori-imperiali-mussolinis-fascist-route-through-rome

Chapter 12 Holt Ancient World History

Chapter 12 1. A) Justinian I was an emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He reformed the roman laws by rearranging them and putting them in order. The revised law code cal conduct Justinians Code. B) Theodora influenced the nika revolt because she stood hale and convinced her king to do the same. C) Justinian could have made his deeds by universe more conscious of how much land his government could support when he was taking over the land to the west. 2. A) A mosaic is a flip of art comprised of small pieces of colored tile or glass. Mosaics were one of the or so common types of Byzantine art.B) I believe that the iconoclasts responded the way they did to the human im get along withs because it seemed to them deal the images were to close to the non-Christian worship of an idols. C) The split between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church occurred because of their many differences the some(a) all important(predicate) of which was who in the church had the most power. 3. A) Under the Macedonian dynasty the Byzantine Empire enjoyed a 200 yr golden age. B) The split between the aristocracies of city and countryside was a problem because it caused them to bear on within their empire which weekend them to outside attack.C) The statement, The Byzantines themselves, not the Turks, bear the superior responsibility for the end of their empire, is completely true. Section 2 1. A) The Slavs asked for help from the Rus to deal Order to their way of living and act as a class of king. B) The accomplishments of Yaroslav the Wise are fact that he became ruler of Kiev Rus, He hired scribes to translate religious books from Greek to Slavic, and under his rule the Russian law was codified, and he helped regain territory that had been lost.C) The physical geography whitethorn have affect the relationship between the Byzantine Empire and the Kievan Rus because since the where so close there seems as if there might be some territorial issues. 2. A) Cyril And Methodius converted Slavs to Christianity. B) Vladimir I impacted Russian Christianity by converting accordingly marrying the sister of the Byzantine Emperor. He also built libraries, schools, and churches. Then he made Christianity the state religion. C) I think Christianity spread more in he city then the country side because cities have more people which means it was probably more promoted. 3. A) Alexander Nevsky was known as a Russian hero. Not only did he defeat the Swedes and the Teutonic Knights, he also was the Mongols vessel. B) I think Invasions from the outside caused more misemploy to the Kievan State then Internal problems because they always seemed to be under attack. First, existence attacked from the east, Then the north and then being invaded again by the Teutonic Knights.Section 3 . A) Alfred the Great was the kind of Wessex. He helped defeat the Danish Invaders and get together forces with Anglo-Saxon England. He also compiled a code of laws and promoted learning. B) T he Franks converted to Christianity because their leader, Clovis, swore that if they win the battle be could become a Christian. The Franks won, and all his troops followed in Cloviss footsteps. C) I think Western Europe broke asunder probably because they didnt have a unifying leader. Everyone in that age wanted power to themselves. . A) Patrick spread Christianity throughout Ireland without giving a financial aid how he was treated. By the time he died he achieved making around all of Ireland Christian. B) Gregory the Great was a Roman Catholic pope. His major achievement was restoring monastic discipline, and was zealous in propagating Christianity. C) I think Christendom affect medieval Europe in a small way. It was just another auberge that promoted Christianity and its customs. 3. A) Life for a Celtic Monk is quiet and reserved.They liked to be isolated from the rest of society because they felt as though it would obligate them from being distracted from their faith. The y like to fast and spend days at a time in solitary contemplation. B) Benedictines and Celtic monasteries were similar because they two where groups of monks who were very dedicated and focused on their religion. They were also both led by Abbots. They are different from each other because the Benedictines were open to the everyday about their religion and were not as brutal then the Celtics.Celtics practically did intense fasts and like to be isolated and away from social activity. C) I think that the most significant thing that the Benedictines did was run schools that help crop and create the Finest Minds of the Middle Ages. This led to smart people copying important ancient manuscripts to help keep the knowledge of Greece and Rome alive. Without those manuscript, we probably would be reading this chapter and a big chunk of history would be undiscovered.

Apush Dbq American Revolution

Though some may try to ask that the the Statesn renewing was non a real renewal since the upper class was not displaced, it was in f scrap a revolution because it transferred power from an entrenched British monarchy into the hands of local state legislatures. The American Revolution was representative of a great agitate which occurred in the way that in Britain, parliawork forcet viewed Americans as a small cluster of people who could be taxed without representation, to where in America the regime was fitted to see how each individual could contribute to the economy, regimen, and the boilersuit well-being of America.This idea came about from the increasingly more harsh and haughty taxes that were being placed on the colonies, without representation, from British monarchy. In reaction to the afternoon tea Act, one of the taxes placed on imported goods to America, the New York Sons of Liberty wrote several(prenominal) resolutions to protest against it.These resolutions were signed by all different social classes, which signifies a change in social club, because while in Britain only the wealthy and educated were permitted to participate in governmental choices, a very broad spectrum of society was able to be an active participant in how they wanted their government to be run. Although the lower class was not necessarily in congress, their ideas were able to represented by the people that they elected to express their ideas.Some who wish to argue the idea that the American Revolution was not a full revolution may bring into light the women of the revolution, and how there was not a big change for them. Even though their was not an extremely significant change for them, American women were given a multitude of rights that were not given to women in Britain at the time. The women of America were able to go out to war with the men to protect them, and at times even take their place when a man was wounded and could not fulfill his duties on the battlefie ld.Additionally, they were often unexpended in charge of the business and upholding of the household when their husbands went out to war. In summation, American women played many roles that were not typical of them in that time blockage showing a revolutionary new way of thinking that intricate women. After the surrender at Yorktown, a cartoon by crowd Gillray was made as a warning to the British that since they were able to surpass the British once, they could do it again should they try to overtake America and their trimdoms again.While this act in itself was not a revolution, it was representative of the revolutionary ideas in the whole shebang of the United States of America. The American Revolution was the transference of power from a monarchial government to that of a representative democracy that was able to reflect the ideas and desires of all free white men of America indicating that it was in actuality a revolution and not an expeditious rebellion.

Financial Literacy: Buying and Selling Investments

Chapter 12 Buying and Selling Investments Sources of Investing training -Magazines Forbes, Business Week, Fortune News Magazines Time, Newsweek, US News & World composition -Newspapers -Wall Street Journal and Barrons -Investor Newsletters -Standard & Poors Stock Reports, drear Investors Service, and Value Line Investment Survey -Company Reports -Annual Report -Prospectus -Internet Bloomberg, CNN Money, Kiplinger, Morningstar, Reuters Key Figures accredited Stock Price- amount investors are willing to pay for a bundle of ownership in the company -Number of Employees Increases in the number of employees can glisten growth or downsizing -Market Cap The total value of a company in the furrow food market -Re locale amount of money reliable from business activities -Net Income or Profit amount of money earned aft(prenominal) deducting all the businesss expenses -Profit Margin- profit shown as a luck P/E Ratio price-earning ratio compares the selling price of leafy vege table stock to the annual profits per share -Current Ratio measure of a companys ability to pay its current debts from current assets Stockbrokers amply Service Brokers qualified stock broker who provides advice about what securities to subvert and sell. give the axe Brokers qualified stock broker who defiles and sells securities at a reduced direct but exactly provides advice for a fee sometimes. Online Brokers brokers that charge low fees with the to the lowest degree amount of service no investiture advice or management of assets and only sometimes research reports. Financial Planners an adviser who helps people make investment decisions to stated goals How are Financial Markets Designed? Primary Market where IPOs or new issues of securities are sold usually directly from the company inessential Market where previously issued securities are sold Securities Exchange are places for brokers to buy and sell securities for their clients Over the Counter Market is a ne twork of dealers and brokers who buy and sell securities not listed on an exchange Direct Investing involves acquire securities directly from a corporation Reinvesting involves getting stock dividends instead of specie dividendsHow are Stocks Bought and Sold? Set up an account Choose your venue (full-service, discount, online, bank, etc. ). Provide ID. Access your account online. Make minimum or regular monthly deposit Place Transactions A market smart set is a request to buy or sell a stock at the current market price. A limit order is a request to buy or sell a stock at a specific price. A stop order is a request to sell a stock when it reaches a certain price. A discretionary order allows the broker to buy or sell a stock to get the best price.Financial Statements