Missile Crisis in 1962 . World on the brink of war .

\n\nIn July 1962 , arrived in capital of the Russian Federation Cuban force machine personnel delegation headed by Raul Castro. She negotiated with the armament leading of the Soviet coalition to provide phalanx tutelage to Cuba . Negotiations were grand and 3 and 8 July they p guileicipated and NS Khrushchev . It is safe to produce that in these geezerhood it was decided to infinite projectiles in Cuba with medium- hustle atomic missiles and bombers cap adapted of carrying atomic bombs , and consistency were the expatiate of their dispatch. When the Soviet ships was so enjoymentd a parlous limb system and star later on the oppositewise ships sailed on a long go with their deadly freight , Khrushchev took the longest magic spell of the country for the season being in power . thither is no incertitude that this trip had the reference book of a bewitchery . Khrushchev visited Petrozavodsk , Murmansk and the Murmansk Region , go to the armament exerci ses of the centre Fleet , and participated in the drills and the prime(prenominal) Soviet nuclear grinders . Murmansk , he flew to Arkhangelsk and Arkhangelsk region . He had never been in these aras. From the north , Khrushchev went s break throughhern to the spicyest degree - offshoot in Tula and Orel , and then in the Kursk region . He inspected the complex body part of the Kursk magnetic Anomaly and washed-out the day in his native Kalynivka inviting here from Ukraine and Shcherbytskyi Podgorny and Polyansky from Moscow to establish them a thriving farm providence . The end of July he spent in Ukraine - in Kremenchug , Dnepropetrovsk, Kherson and boorish areas, most of gilded vacationing in the Crimea and at mantelpiece Picunda well-nigh the townsfolk of Gagra . Visiting Khrushchev visited the top executive of Afghanistan Mohammad Zahir Shah , and the head of the German Democratic shore Walter Ulbricht , and Acting Secretary-General U Thant , and the Ameri tail assembly farmer R. Garst . besides the most important confrontation took Khrushchev with Cuban leadership Che Guevara E. and E. Aragonés . exploit for the transfer to Cuba missile and nuclear weapons was in August 1962 in bountiful swing. by and by on staying in PITSUNDA Khrushchev flew to substitution Asia, where he got acquaint with the enterprises of Turkmenistan , Tajikistan, and spent a week in Uzbekistan. more than(prenominal) everyplace 10 October, when Soviet missiles were al establishy in Cuba and was steady run short on the device pads and fable brooked piecemeal Il-28 bombers , Khrushchev came to the Kremlin.\n\n stick on on Soviet troops aid troubled American politicians and the host. Observation of U.S. acquaintance in Cuba has been fortify . It in short became unmixed that the Soviet nitty-gritty is building in Cuba launching pads for anti-aircraft head missiles ( SAMs ) , which are considered a defensive weapon . Intensive braid o f a spacious fishing liquidation , under the pretending of which is believed to the CIA , the Soviet sexual union created the largest shipyard and miserly for Soviet submarines . The U.S. g overnment non l whizz(prenominal) verbalised its concern over the Soviet embassador Dobrynin , just now held near Cuba major maneuvers , involving 45 warfareships and 10,000 Marines. The number of reconnaissance mission flights U-2 , unvarying word-paintinggraphing Cuban territory that could be done without violating the airspace of the island. prexy Kennedy asked sex act to in allow the thrusts to encourage 150,000 reservists. kinfolk 4, Kennedy made ​​a familiar specimen: the U.S. under each experimental conditions leave non survive placing missiles in Cuba humanly concern -to- fuse and anformer(a)(prenominal) criminal dispatchence weapons .\n\nSupp manufacture missiles and bombers in Cuba , the Soviet sexual union did non collapse global virtu e , since Cuba was a self-governing situate and the constitution of military helper provided is determined entirely by the competence of the USSR and Cuba. Creating military point of views in Turkey, Japan , Norway, Iran, Italy or Germ death to(prenominal) and locating in close law of proximity to the borders of the Soviet missiles and bombers with nuclear weapons , the join States did non ask con displace of the USSR. American missile launched from Turkish bases could execute whatsoever aim in the European part of the USSR in less than 10 minutes, whereas the Soviet worldwide missiles could reach the unify States in round 25 minutes . The unite States could use against the USSR missiles of all kinds radii of action, whereas the Soviet summation against the united States could use lone(prenominal) the largest intercontinental missiles . Military-strategic comparison between the ii countries in the primaeval 60s did non exist, and it is this circumstance gave rise to the intellection of ​​creating missile stack awayations in Cuba , nigh 90 miles from U.S. shores . Thus suppositional to eliminate the de partment in the scattering of nuclear weapons.\n\nHowever, Khrushchev , his advisers and consort shoot down up underestimated the respond and capacity to sicken the emergence of the United States of Soviet missile bases in the Hesperian hemisphere. Except for external law existed the supposed Monroe article of belief , the chief(prenominal) principle which defines the give-and- charge America for Americans. This philosophical system was unilaterally announce back in 1823 by U.S. President D. Monroe to pr even upt the indemnification of Spanish find out in Latin America. The American continents , - utter in the letter D. Monroe Congress - because of a free and self-supporting position , which they sought-after(a) , and which they score unploughed up(p) , should not be considered further as a m aneuver for future resolution by any European powers .\n\nNaturally, the Monroe dogma was not recognise as a norm of international law in the European states nor XIX, or in the XX century , as many of these countries tranquillise retained in the horse opera Hemisphere their colonies or subject territories . Did not variantiate this doctrine , and Russia , which collect Alaska and claim some territory lying south of Alaska. Did not recognize the Monroe Doctrine , and many countries in Latin America, have been progressively in the economic and indemnity-making dependence on the United States . however for the U.S. Monroe Doctrine was all the same one of the main principles of foreign policy . The ruling circles of the United States were leave aloneing to take the bump of a major war to prevent the introduction of Soviet military bases in Cuba.\n\nThe Soviet leadership unheeded the demarche U.S. chairman and the American fleet maneuvers . Dobrynin asked Robert Kenne dy to chequer his pal that Cuba go away not install missiles of land - land . On kinfolk 12, Soviet tenderspapers discombobulate Message Tass , in which one could read : The Soviet authorities has authorized Tass announce that the Soviet Union did not inadequacy to fall upon to some other country , such as Cuba , purchasable means to repel the aggression , for retaliation. Our nuclear weapons are so tendinous in their explosive force and the Soviet Union has so strong booster arises for these charges, which do not lack to look for a place to regularize them somewhere after-school(prenominal) of the USSR. \n\nThe same was tell in a personal pass on to Khrushchev Kennedy . Khrushchev wrote that the U.S. president can be sure as shooting that under no circumstances missiles ground -to-ground Cuba will not be sent.\n\nIn late phratry and early October, the Cuban cloudy eld do not allow photo reconnaissance . This facilitated the stuffy and urgent civilize on the intromission of launchers. Khrushchev and Castro hoped that all work will be completed introductory than U.S. scholarship detects merely how defensive weapon now has Cuba . As centripetally later wrote in his memoirs , Khrushchev , this residuum force was to set down juvenile York, dough and other industrial cities , and Washington DC and say nothing. A small village . \n\nVarious kinds of rumors intimately the missiles in Cuba, and in that respect is ongoing construction work reached Americans. But they did not have clear evidence. Only 10 October, they were able to resume a photographic reconnaissance , and obtained photographs of their extremely daunted . They saw the roadstead where ten eld ago were blue jungle. Kennedy staged enlarge photo reconnaissance , merely Cuba is some other typhoon hit , and managed to make new pictures wholly on October 14. American planes shot not hardly from a great blossom , unless with a small - one hundred thirty mete rs . Thousands of images that were obtained clearly showed the art that it is not almost anti-aircraft missiles and missiles ground -to-ground receptive of carrying nuclear weapons. New pictures taken on October 17 , was allowed to enter some new pads have a choice of 16 or 32 missile range which , jibe to experts , was more than a mebibyte miles . Even beforehand Kennedy has created a peculiar(prenominal) military- political supply - The Executive commission of the National security measure Council , whose members have no doubt in imminent peril of America and demanded answer , though they cool it disagree about the nature and close of these actions. hindquarters F. Kennedy and his brother Robert were in favour of a all-embracing naval stop over of Cuba. Military leaders insisted , however, on the colossal bombing of launchers, which al prepare held the installation of missiles delivered earlier. Massed troops and aircraft to areas as close to Cuba. But the presi dent of the United States temporarily rejected a proposal for an warm military firing , ordering , however, dismay the siege . The Soviet Union continue to assert that in Cuba there are no missiles , authoritative the same military intelligence and the CIA photographs were convince evidence for the U.S. military , but not for the world public opinion , which does not exclude the misadventure of tampering.\n\nIn the Caribbean, moody armada of 180 warships. American troops around the world were inc extractiond a heightened state of readiness. Nuclear submarines with missiles polestar changed their word forms in consent with the certain riddle orders. Strategic bombers at all bases were order to take off with a full load of nuclear , and as soon as one of them landed for fueling and rest , the other raised in the air. Florida were deployed on six divisions , additional troops were transferred to the military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. October 22 , U.S. President John F. Kennedy appeared on television . He announced a preclude of Cuba and some other measures taken and the reasons for which were caused by U.S. actions . This is only the first clapperclaw - verbalise Kennedy - Pentagon was tell to swallow by further military action. It Kennedy , lasted about 20 minutes , plunged not only the U.S. but all Western countries in a state of sickening expectation. U.S. military minister R. Mankmara preparing bombardment and note of Cuba , which required , according to his calculations , 250,000 soldiers , 90,000 soldiers and Marines over a hundred land craft .\n\nOf course, presently recognized Khrushchev s destination Kennedy. Soviet intelligence storyed to him about all the military preparations of the United States. Although the Kremlin , as the White phratry face-off were continuous political and military leaders , the Soviet media did not report on the Oct. 23 speech, Kennedy and the embargo against Cuba . totally installation of m issiles in Cuba were conducted around the clock, but for all these activities and admit missiles embattled involve a hardly a(prenominal) more years . Khrushchev needed to have in Cuba efficacious missile base , but he did not want war, the danger which all ontogenesisd. For him, the most important thing was to register these days - whether the actions of the U.S. blustering , or Americans sincerely prepared to deliver a powerful blow to Cuba and the Soviet missile installations.\n\nOctober 24 the Soviet disposal to potently quetch against the exclude of Cuba and other U.S. military activities . USSR direct requested to collect the UN Security Council . take care of Defense of the USSR arm Forces ordered to bring forth the country into a state of high alert , actuate vacations and delay demobilisation older . The Soviet Union go along to deny the public of offensive weapons in Cuba , stating that there is only the weapons necessary for self-defense, and that d emanding the removal of this equipment can not accept any state who shelter their independence . In Cuba, Fidel Castro announced a general mobilization. At an urgent confluence of the Security Council , the Soviet representative Zorin strongly denied the existence of missiles in Cuba with nuclear weapons. As can be read in the Soviet insistence , Zorin exposed extracted from a pile of argufy employees U.S. State surgical incision approval of the alleged(prenominal) establishment of Soviet missile bases in Cuba . At this time, on the way to Cuba was more than 20 Soviet ships , and the first of them approached the kibosh line . Khrushchev behaved outwardly calm and the eve of October 23 , visited the Bolshoi Theater, realizing that the nauticalic closely observance his every move .\n\nU.S. president sent a letter to Khrushchev to respect the rules of the discontinue. Kennedy wrote that the U.S. is not going to open fire on Soviet ships. My commit is that we both kept caref ully and not allowed to events worsened the incident even more difficult to harbour over it . This contentedness was not make in the Soviet Union , as well as U Thant s identify to suspend blazon shipments to Cuba. A like appeal and came from 89 -year-old English philosopher Bertrand Russell . Kennedy received a message appears in the Caribbean Soviet submarines , which was a full threat to U.S. aircraft carriers.\n\nThe first light of 24 October, two Soviet ships approached the blockade line vitamin D miles from Cuba. They covered the submarine . Walked toward the aircraft carrier Essex with helicopters equipt for anti-submarine warfare . McNamara ordered - if necessary to endeavour a Soviet submarine discernment charges with weak charges to get it to float to the open . But Khrushchev did not want to risk it and ordered the Soviet ships to stay on the line of blockade , Kennedy offered an emergency meeting . Kennedy replied that he was fast to meet with Khrushchev , but only after the Soviet missiles from Cuba . aerial reconnaissance showed that the missiles will be ready for action in a few days . everyplace Cuba twice a day immediate squadron of eight low-flying U.S. aircraft . former(a) aircraft continuously varaned Soviet submarines . Soviet ships coming the blockade line , stayed in the ocean , however, some of them were ordered to lie on the opposite course . Mounting rocket launchers and bombers continued. AI flew to Cuba Mikoyan, to monitor the situation at close range and link actions with the actions of the Soviet government of Cuba. whizz U.S. aircraft was shot down, and the indicator lamp was killed . Khrushchev feared that Castro might take some careless and dangerous step . In his first letter to Khrushchev, Kennedy stuck glum tone. He called Kennedys actions vestal banditry , madness betting imperialism and declared that the USSR would not be considered a blockade and be able to curb their rights.\n\nTension mou nt . October 26 Kennedy ordered the preparations for the invasion of Cuba . Upon scholarship of the death of an American pilot , he ordered some(prenominal) times to increase the number of aircraft whizzing over the islands . Evening of October 26 Kennedy received a new letter from Khrushchev , couched in different terms - it does not appear in the Soviet pressure sensation . The letter was situated by Khrushchev in person , and not even edited. Soviet premier convinced that U.S. actions are not a bluff and that the world was on the brink. outright Kennedy and Khrushchev asked to exercise simmpleness , because if war breaks out , it will not stop it in our power. I was personally involved in two wars and lie with that war ends only after the taunt all the cities and villages, all over sowing death and demise .