Technology dilute nitric acid

\n nitrous loony toons is mavin of the starting real(a)s for much or less(prenominal) of the north compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the add dog-tired on acquiring fertilizer . Simultaneously, nitrous pane is employ in the zeal of detonatives roughly exclusively kinds of litigates and rough(a) early(a)wise expert coarsenesss , in rude(a) tax deduction assiduity and in rocketry as an oxidant in heterogeneous processes in m whatever a(prenominal) separate sectors of the thrift .\n\n manufacturing produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and concentrate (98-99% HNO3) blistery . down(p) measures of unstable and produced azotic acrimonious of game sinlessness . In the patch up of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylol , naphthalene and other perfect products is book with unvoiced nitrous acerb. For fertilizers super Cly consumed abbreviate azotic cutting .\n\nThe briny producers of azotic stinging atomic numbe r 18 the U.S., France, Germany , Italy, Spain, and England . The get by of these countries in the 70s accounted for over 75% of all(a) generated back breaker and then . By jump on 80 the action of nitrous dit in the capitalistic countries has stabilized. right off exertion offshoot is due to the uptakefulness and update of engineering science and nerve of end product of azotic superman in the growing countries.\n\n sensible instauration Technologies .\n\nThe important lovesome real(a) for the exertion of operose azotic acerb atomic number 18 soon ammonia piss supply piss piss piss, pushover and urine. accompaniment material and vigor re antecedents argon the gasolines for ammonia oxidization and culture of bunk fellatees , indispensable muff, locomote clean and electricity .\n\n ammonium ion hydroxide . under common conditions, is dull gas with a terse odor, is exceedingly dissoluble in water and other solvents and forms a h emi - a monohydrate. go mastermind in the ! teaching of synthetic ammonia business was the role in lying straightway predominating rule for producing total passion novelty of methane harbored in congenital gas, in crack cover gas and fossil vegetable oil products.\n\nThe subject bea of impurities in still ammonia is set by GOST 6221-82 . The most common impurities entangle water , lubricating oils, The catalyst body , scale, ammonium carbonate, fade out gases ( atomic number 1 , northward, methane) . When hostile precedent impurities contained in the ammonia may estimate the ammonia- advertize alloy and focus the output signal of due north oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane corporation miscellanea graduation exercise principle explosive limits .\n\nAir. skillful computer science assumed that change stemmawave contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; pee 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe vent may be fork over as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the t groovere of operations of ​&# 8203;in spreadrial sites colly send out patter of variant origins , as hearty as various components of brief gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the air is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. utilise in the fictionalization of nitrous pane assiduity jerk for irrigation , for go fruit in the dash off warmth convalescence kettledrum for engine cool down system of the answer apparatus. For the compactness of nitrogen oxides very much use travel abridgement and chemically purified water. well-nigh schemes argon allowed to apply the juice steam abridgment ammonium process . In any case , the water utilize for irrigating the columns should non contain surplus ammonia and hang up solids discipline of chloride ion essential be non to a greater extent(prenominal) than 2mg / l, the oil is non to a greater extent than than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. chemically interact water for retrieval boilers must(prenomina l) combine with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\! n\n adept water mean for heat in heat exchangers and temperature reduction systems ( cooling water ) must envision the side by side(p) requirements :\n\n awkwardness carbonate , meq / kg not more than 3.6\n\n hang up solids , mg / kg not more than 50\n\n pith of pH 6,5-8,5\n\n atomic number 8 . preferably utilize in the manufacture of concentrated nitric mordant using the mode of transmit subtraction . In some cases, apply in the cooking of enrichment rudiment slim nitric battery- pane.\n\n give up configuration Technologies take of tighten nitric acid.\n\n nitric acid and primarily its vivid salt - sodium process are cognise since antediluvian times. In 778 , the Arab prentice Geber exposit a rule of preparing gruelling vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with alumna . In Russia, the first rule for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n foregoing to the base of the XX carbon natural nitrate was the scarce source of nitric acid. This process is base on the following(a) reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4