Japan and US Relationship in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japan and US Relationship in History - Essay Example In mid 19th century, America and Japan started their interaction in economic ventures and diplomatic relations. Among the ways these countries interacted included trading. During this time, various things characterized their view of each other. They expressed these feelings and thoughts about each other by diplomatic visits and entering into treaties that were targeted to bring cohesion and reduce any fear between them. During the time of interaction, some form of confusion and misunderstandings were manifested in their way of relations. Also, their initial interactions manifested differences that the two countries noticed about each other. The expression of diplomatic relationship is, however, noted in the way leaders addressed their counterparts through letters they wrote to each other. The kind of pictures that were drawn by both countries manifested their respect and honor for each other . Citizens of both countries manifested different views about each other. These citizens show ed this through their response when a leader from the other country visited; the reception these leaders got gave a lot of information about the citizens’ perception on the interaction between the two nations. The Japanese never thought Americans as equal to their leaders. Although they considered them important people, they still had some restrictions. For example, when Townsend Harris wanted to travel to Yedo, many Japanese were opposed to his view of going there on a horseback. Horses in Japan were a reserve of chosen few who were in royal ranks. It was only the vice-governor of Japan who supported the idea of Townsend going to Yedo by a horse . The views of Japanese about Americans were also characterized by respect for differences. For example, the images that were made to represent Americans manifested that Japanese respected Americans3. The Japanese drew a picture that represented streets of San Francisco with manifestation of well organized building structures. Again, the Japanese perceived Americans as a group of people who distorted their faith. According to them, the people from the west (i.e. the Americans) believed in Christianity which is different from the faiths of people f rom the Far East countries4. Japanese felt that Americans were people worth to be given freedom to live among them. The government of Japan gave Americans a chance to buy products and hire houses in Osaka and Yedo5. Americans tagged value on Japanese. This can be seen from the reception Japanese embassy was given when he visited San Francisco. The embassy was saluted with fifteen gun shots. In addition, residents of Alcatraz were waiting to see the Japanese embassy when he visited California6. Americans represented good pictures of Japanese leaders in the early times of their interaction. The kind of services Japanese received from Americans was a clear manifestation that they valued their relationship with Japanese. For example, the reception ceremony that was conducted by Americans when Japanese embassy visited their country was a colorful one. In the course of interaction between the Americans and Japanese, they continued to discover different things about each other. Their inter action was focused to understanding some things about each other. For instance, Americans wanted to know whether Japanese respected their rights. For example, when the American consul visited Yedo; first, he wanted to see whether he would be allowed to go into that city where none of the foreign embassies had ever entered. When finally he was allowed, he noted that the Japanese were highly regarding American officials who resided in Japan7. Also, the American

Uniqlo in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Uniqlo in the Philippines Essay Uniqlo is a Japanese company that brings great casual wear to people and around the world. Their target market is for everyone. Young or old, class a b and c. Uniqlo retail store is very in nowadays, especially here in the Philippines. Because last June 15, 2012 they open their store at Mall of Asia Philippines and they’re giving away tote bags to the first 500 daily customers from June 15 to 17 and to shoppers with a minimum single receipt of Php2,000 for free. They make a strategy that other retail store not been made. Their stores have many counters for cashiers, because they want to make their transactions very fast. It’s also one way of their customer service, at the same time before they open their store they have lots of billboards, advertisement in newspapers, posting in the internet, etc. so people might aware to their new store. Maybe we are asking, are Uniqlo can affect the sales of other retail store when it comes to casual wear? The answer is yes, but just in the limited time. Maybe we are aware that most Filipino is likely to buy imported stuff. When Mango (U.S. brand) is opened here in the Philippines, Filipinos love to go there and buy clothes, when Forever 21 (Korean brand) is also opened, you can see that Filipinos are wearing their apparel too, and now Uniqlo (Japanese brand) is opened they said they want to be how Japanese wear clothes, because they said that in Paris, and Korea they just copied the style how Japanese people wearing their clothes and Maybe the real case of why Filipinos are buying stuff from different stores is that they want to be in always. Their behavior is unpredictable and they feel that if they’re wearing other country’s brands of clothes, bag, and shoes they are like (sosyal) the Uniqlo Company said in the internet that they studying peoples behavior when it comes to buying apparels. That’s why in their store opening last June 15, 2012 they give away lots of bag, because they studied that Filipinos are love to have freebies. They captured the heart of many Filipinos who live near at moa, some of them their customers too are from different residence in metro manila. And I know why they opened their store at moa. Because of convenience, Uniqlo wants to target the north and the south area of metro  manila. At the same time the price of their clothes are very reasonable why it is ok to buy them at a high cost. The cotton of their clothes is very soft and it not that thin when you wear it, the styles is also very nice compared to other retail stores, they have lots of variances when it comes to men’s wear than women. Because they said Japanese men are more fashionable than women and that’s the thing they want to teach to Filipino people that it’s not sin if men are vainer than women. To conclude the things that Uniqlo want to tell to people is that. They more new quality that can market to people around the world and more good customer service if no one retail store does.

Brown vs. Board Of Education :: Teaching Education

Brown vs. Board Of Education As the Civil War ended and Slavery did, too, the question of African American’s freedom did not. African Americans had been given their freedom from slavery but not their freedom from segregation. In 1896 after the Plessy vs. Ferguson court case, the Supreme Court found that segregation, â€Å"separate but equal†, in public facilities was not against the Constitution. â€Å"Separate schools for blacks and whites became a basic rule in southern society.† All that was about to change. In Topeka, Kansas there was a little girl by the name of Linda Brown. She had to be driven five and a half miles to a black school when she lived four blocks from a public school. â€Å"The school was not full and she met all of the requirements to attend – all but one that is. Linda Brown was black. And blacks weren’t allowed to go to white children’s schools.† That was a controversial issue among blacks. In 1954 thirteen parents filed a class action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka in hope for equal education opportunities for their children. That and the desegregation period was the idea behind the case. It was the first challenge of the â€Å"separate but equal† ruling had been challenged. The thirteen parents were backed by many African American community leaders, the NAACP, and the NAACP’s lawyer Thurgood Marshall. However, against them were pretty much the whole south, many elected officials of Congress, and the Governor of Alabama - George Wallace. On May 7, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled against segregation and was unconstitutional because it violated the fourteenth amendment by separating them because of the color of their skin. The decision a victory proved of significant importance. Few blacks and eventually many started attending non-segregated public schools. It proved to be Thurgood Marshall’s greatest victory and in 1967 he was appointed as the first black member of the Supreme Court.

Charles Dickens Hard Times Essays -- Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay

Charles Dickens' Hard Times Charles Dickens's Hard Times is one of the most important novels in the Victorian Age. He presents an industrial society in nineteenth century in England. In this age, England prospers in manufacture and trade because of high technologies. It is also a time of trouble. Industrial development causes terrible conditions of a working class. The workers are poor and work hard. Women and children work for many hours. Dickens also presents bad social condition through his work and also shows lives of city people and industrial society in Coketown in England. In Hard times, Dickens has a compassion for the workers and calls for the readers' sympathy by showing the workers' hardships through Stephen Blackpool, a worker who is honest, innocent, generous and full of integrity. However, facing dead-end situations, Stephen Blackpool is the most pathetic figure. Stephen Blackpool is the most suffered and submissive worker. Although he is good, skilful and diligent power-loom weaver, his life is not much improved, but he has to work for survival. Dickens presents that most of Coketown citizens are workers. He says that they are " generically called ' the Hands'- a race who would have found more favor with some people, if the Providence had seen fit to make them only hands, or, like the lower creatures of the seashore, only hands and stomachs- lived a certain Stephen Blackpool, for forty years of age." Dickens comments on the terrible lives of workers. The word " generically" presents that the workers can't rise in the world because they have no education and have not enough money to make their lives better and comfortable. Their children must face the hardship such as working hard and ... ...asks for solution to improve the workers' lives because this is an important problem. The setting increases the compassion for Stephen. It is dark and silent. Everybody mourns for him, and the darkness symbolizes sorrow and death. This picture also shows Rachael's love for Stephen. She kneels on the grass, clasp his hand and tries to comfort although he hurts badly and is going to die. This picture shows the relationship between Stephen Blackpool, his wife and Rachael. Stephen and Rachael love each other, but he can't divorce his wife because of the high expense in lawsuit that he can't afford. Rachael is good and generous woman who takes care of Stephen's wife. She is like an angel, light and shining star. On the contrary, his wife is helpless and alcoholic. She increases Stephen's burden and tries to commit suicide, but Rachael can save her life.

SM Jaleel Project

SM Jaleel & Company Ltd , affectionately known as SMJ, is one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of nonalcoholic drinks in the English speaking Caribbean. Since their inception in 1924, their wide portfolios of beverages have become household names across the Caribbean, and are currently distributed to over 60 countries worldwide. Their products span a host of carbonated soft drinks, exotic fruit juices, purified and flavoured water, energy drinks, and other fruit flavoured beverages. Every stage of production is owned by the esteemed SM Jaleel & Company Ltd.SMJ manufacture its own PET (plastic) bottles, tetra packs (juice boxes), and the cans that their wide variety of products are packaged in. As such, the company enjoys iconic status as the Caribbean’s premier soft drink manufacturer with a reputation for quality, innovation and commercial intelligence. SMJ have been innovative leaders in manufacturing, having pioneered the use of dynamic and advanced technology, syste ms, and processes in the soft drink industry. They have 25 years of experience in plastic blowing technology which has enabled SMJ’s wide array of PET bottles in different shapes and sizes.Their blow molding facility is also the largest in the Caribbean. SMJ was also the first in the world, in conjunction with Reynolds Metal Company, to fill fruit juices in aluminum cans. This was done using Nitrogen technology in the 1980’s, and eliminated the need for artificial preservatives in the product. To ensure consistency in providing high quality products at affordable prices, they have established and facilitated a global network of mutually beneficial partnerships with customers and suppliers.In accordance with SMJ’s dedication to quality and consistency, new products have actively been introduced to the market over the past two decades, via ongoing research and development efforts. Presently, SMJ’s products are found in over half a million wholesale and reta il stores, including Walmart and other renowned international retailers. Millions consume these products yearly because of this extensive reach. SMJ mission reads as follows; â€Å"To always stay one step ahead, constantly responding to an essential human need through thirst quenching, quality beverages and premium water.To create products of the highest standards that are priced affordably and distributed efficiently, providing greater accessibility to our consumers. To inspire and motivate our workforce to achieve excellence as a team while promoting their inner sense of self and purpose as individuals. To keep our target market top of mind, as we continue our commitment to improve and enrich the lives of our consumers†. In my opinion SMJ has lived up to their mission statement. They are right on point with each goal their organization placed.To further illustrate this here’s a look at their vision statement: â€Å"To strive towards being leaders in the non-alcoholi c market, making our people the cornerstone of our success, as we work together in a globally-focused, dynamic environment based on trust and sound values, providing all-encompassing beverage solutions that meet the ever changing, evolving needs of our customers†. SMJ has without a shadow of a doubt been leaders in the nonalcoholic beverage industry for the past two decades. They have gone beyond the call of duty in the industry.They are pioneers to the Caribbean and even the world’s market in the non-alcoholic industry. This marketing giant in the Caribbean formally known as SMJ has mastered the art of marketing and has captured numerous segments of the non-alcoholic market. They have accomplished this by marketing their products well. Positioning the product is very important. Marketing is about how your firm positions itself to satisfy your market’s needs. There are four critical elements in marketing your products and business.They are the four P’s of marketing. 1. Product; The right product to satisfy the needs of your target customer. 2. Price; The right product offered at the right price. 3. Place; The right product at the right price available in the right place to be bought by customers. 4. Promotion; informing potential customers of the availability of the product, its price and its place. Each of the four P’s is a variable that should be controled in creating the marketing mix that will attract customers to the business.Marketing mix should be something paid careful attention to because the success of the business depends on it. As a business manager, determining how to use these variables to achieve profit potential is important. This case study introduces the four P’s of marketing and includes worksheets that will help you determine the most effective marketing mix for the business. In this case study we would have observed that SMJ use positioning, marketing mix and the four P’s to bring about succe ss to SMJ. â€Å"Product† refers to the goods and services that are being offered to the customers.Apart from the physical product itself, there are elements associated with the product that customers may be attracted to, such as the way it is packaged. In terms of packaging SMJ has won over the hearts of many children with its unique patented PET bottle which was designed for the famous drink Chubby. Other SMJ product attributes include quality, options and brand name. SMJ product’s appearance, function, and support make up what the customer is actually buying.Successful managers such as Dr. Aleem Mohammed, Chairman S. M. Jaleel & Co. Ltd.pay close attention to the needs their product bundles address for customers. The products available for sale by SMJ are Carbonated Soft Drinks, Water, Juices FRUTA and Energy Drinks. In the Carbonated Soft Drinks there are a wide array of flavors available. The flavors include; Action Apple, Bubble Gum, Bubbly Cream Soda, Megastar M ango, Merenguito, Purple Power, Rock N Rolla Cola, Sorrel Soda, Tutti Frutti, Kola Champagne, Blueberry Blast, Fresa Strawberry, Go Bananas, Martian Magic, Green Crush, Orango Tango, Pineapple Sunshine, Poppin Pear. These are the flavors which have been made available in the Caribbean.In Latin America some additional flavors are available with some being omitted, they include; Fresa Strawberry, Martian Magic Green Crush, Cream Scream Soda, Fruit Punch Soda, Cola Soda, Blueberry Blast, Bubbly, Cream Soda, Go Bananas, Megastar Mango, Merenguito, Orango Tango, Pineapple Sunshine, Poppin Pear, Sorrel Soda, Action Apple, Bubble Gum, Kola Champagne. This shows that SMJ practices what is called market segmentation. They strategically position there products to meet their target audience, by bundling different flavors and in some instances same flavor but different names.Product bundle should meet the needs of a particular target market. For example, a luxury product should create just the right image for â€Å"customers who have everything,† while many basic products must be positioned for the price conscious consumers. This is demonstrated in my opinion by the availability of FRUTA and Caribbean Cool. Caribbean Cool is the economical re fruit drinks while FRUTA is the luxurious premium brand. For other important aspects of product may include an appropriate product range, design, warranties, or a brand name.Customer research was a key  element in building an effective marketing mix. Knowledge of the target market and SMJ’s competitors allowed them to offer product that will appeal to customers and avoid costly mistakes. Some of SMJ’s target audience includes, Eastern Caribbean, Caribbean, Latin America and Europe. SMJ has launched a fairly new 25% less sugar carbonated drink which is only available to the Eastern Caribbean, suggesting still in the experimental stages. Proper SWOT analysis should be carried out on launching a new product. SMJ h as always think long term about their venture by planning.This is evident by SMJ’s longevity in the Caribbean, there massive expansion projects and their successful handing over from one generation to the other. SMJ was able to take advantage of opportunities to add value through processing, packaging, and customers. One of their first major successes with packaging was the creation of the PET plastic bottle patented and sold with the name â€Å"Chubby†. It is an ideal size not to big attractive to its target audience, mainly children and not to little not too much. Perfect for a child’s lunch kit. SMJ growth occurred in different geographic regions.SMJ diversified its product, offering a whole range of nonalcoholic products. The success of this diversification was partly because of SSMJ’s successful acquiring of raw materials, production processes, and distribution which were all done by SMJ, which meant there was no need to acquire new suppliers, skills and equipment, and distribution methods â€Å"Price† refers to how much is charged for a product or service. Determining SMJ’s product’s price was tricky and even frightening. Many small business owners feel they must absolutely have the lowest price around. This isn’t always true and depends on your pricing strategy.SMJ pricing approach reflects a good image which positions their product well. Example FRUTA isn’t the cheapest fruit drink in the market, yet it is the preferred fruit drink by many customers. The price resulted from their pricing strategy covers the cost per item and includes a profit margin. Lower pricing would make it impossible to grow. As a manager, of SMJ one of the following alternatives pricing strategies may have been used. Selection of a pricing strategy by SMJ was based on the product, customer demand, the competitive environment, and the other products which are offered.Cost-plus: Adds a standard percentage of profit abov e the cost of producing a product. Accurately assessing fixed and variable costs is an important part of this pricing method. Value-based: Based on the buyer’s perception of value (rather than on your costs). The buyer’s perception depends on all aspects of the product, including non-price factors such as quality, healthfulness, and prestige. Competitive: Based on prices charged by competing firms for competing products. This pricing structure is relatively simple to follow because you maintain your price relative to your competitors’ prices.In some cases, you can directly observe your competitors’ prices and respond to any price changes. In other cases, customers will select vendors based on bids submitted simultaneously. In those cases, gathering information will be more difficult. Going-rate: A price charged that is the common or going-rate in the marketplace. Going-rate pricing is common in markets where most firms have little or no control over the m arket price. Skimming: Involves the introduction of a product at a high price for affluent consumers. Later, the price is decreased as the market becomes saturated. Discount: Based on a reduction in the advertised price.A coupon is an example of a discounted price. Loss-leader: Based on selling at a price lower than the cost of production to attract customers to the store to buy other products. Psychological: Based on a price that looks better, for example, $4. 99 per pound instead of $5. 00 per pound. After you decide on your pricing strategy, the amount of money you will actually receive may be complicated by other pricing aspects that will decrease (or increase) the actual amount of money you receive. You will also have to decide how to determine: Payment period: Length of time before payment is received.Allowance: Price reductions given when a retailer agrees to undertake some promotional activity for you, such as maintaining an in-store display. Seasonal allowances: Reductions given when an order is placed during seasons that typically have low sales volumes to entice customers to buy during slow times. Bundling of products/services: Offering an array of products together. Trade discounts (also called â€Å"functional discounts†): Payments to distribution channel members for performing some function such as warehousing and shelf stocking. Price flexibility: Ability of salesperson or reseller to modify price.Price differences among target customer groups: Pricing variance among target markets. Price differences among geographic areas:Pricing variance among geographic regions. Volume discounts and wholesale pricing:Price reductions given for large purchases. Cash and early payment discounts: Policies to speed payment and thereby provide liquidity. Credit terms: Policies that allow customers to pay for products at a later date. The methods discussed here should be a base from which to construct your price. The options will vary depending on how the pr oduct is sold.Since SMJ doesn’t sell directly to the customer they will need to ensure a proper margin is set by the retailer to ensure the success of their products. Tracing the path of SMJ’s product from production to final purchase is a useful exercise to discover this information. The research needed to understand the pricing along the distribution path will be more than worth the time it takes. SMJ’s price ultimately covers costs, contributes to product image by communicating the perceived value of the products, counter the competition’s offer, and avoid deadly price wars.Remember, price is the one â€Å"P† that generates revenue, while the other three â€Å"P’s† incur costs. Effective pricing was important to the success of SMJ. â€Å"Place† refers to the distribution channels used to get the product to your customers. What the product is will greatly influence how you distribute it. As a producer, SMJ decided if supplyin g direct is appropriate for their product, whether it be sales through retail, door to-door, mail order, e-commerce, on-site, or some other method they made the wise decision and choose not to.However an advantage of direct sales would be the contact you gain by meeting customers face to face. With this contact you can easily detect market changes that occur and adapt to them. You also have complete control over your product range, how it is sold, and at what price. As a result SMJ has to do extensive market research frequently to keep abreast of the market changes. Reseller Sales (Sales Through an Intermediary) Instead of selling directly to the consumer, SMJ decide to sell through an intermediary such as wholesalers and retailer who will resell SMJ’s product and distribute them.This has provided SMJ with a wider distribution than selling direct while decreasing the pressure of managing its own distribution system, additionally, reduction in storage space necessary for inven tory. One of the most important reasons for selling through an intermediary is access to customers. Wholesalers want a steady year-round supply of product to distribute. SMJ has a steady year-round supply that is of consistent quality. Market Coverage by SMJ has moved from local and regional in the early nineties to international in the late nineties, through resellers. Intensive, selective, or exclusive coverageâ€Å"Promotion† refers to the advertising and selling part of marketing. It is how businesses let people know what they’ve got for sale. The purpose of promotion is to get people to understand what product is, what they can use it for, and why they should want it. SMJ effective, promotional efforts contain a clear message targeted to a specific audience reached via the appropriate channel. In the case of chubby parents and children is the target audience. Their message is consistent with the overall marketing image, get their target audience’s attention , and elicit the response desired.Promotion involve advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotions. Advertising methods to promote SMJ’s product include the following. †¢ Radio: Radio advertisements inexpensive ways to inform potential local customers timing of ad is important. †¢ Television: Television allows access to regional and national audiences, but is more expensive than other options. †¢ Print: Direct mail and printed materials, including newspapers, consumer and trade magazines, flyers, and a logo, fact sheets, contests, coupons, and brochures directly to new or old customers on local, regional, or national levels.Currently there are chubby promotions in St Vincent and St Lucia back to School with chubby. †¢ Electronic: Company Web sites provide useful information to interested consumers and clients. †¢ Word of Mouth: Word of mouth depends on satisfied customers which SMJ has had a great track record. Public relations carried out by SMJ ensure that SMJ’s good price effective environmentally friendly Caribbean image is maintained.

computer1 essays

computer1 essays A site inspection will be performed to double-check these plans: investigate traditional problem areas, such as elevator shafts, firewalls, and potential sources of interference. Spend some time looking around the Campus or your place of work. What obstacles do you think you would face when installing a network? List 12 things that could cause a problem. People (students, and facilities) You are working for a company that is using your computer skills to provide computer support to other employees. This is not an official part of your job and you are still expected to get your job done. One day a consultant shows up and starts planning a network and computer support services. Neither your supervisor or the consultant acknowledges your role or asks for your opinion. How do you think you would react? As a manager how could you avoid this potential problem? Who do you think should be involved in the planning process managers, supervisors, staff members, senior staff, existing technical staff? Why/Why Not? Everybody should involve from the planning process, because adding a network involves changes to the ways people work, the human element is equally important. Would you recommend that the company use an outside consultant? Why/Why Not? For all but the smallest of networks, unless youre already an experienced networker, it might be wise to consider enlisting the services of a qualified network consultant in planning and implementing your network. The only caveat is to remember that consultants can only deliver what you ask for; the more specific and detailed your requests, the better the results will be. What resources do you think you will require to run the network once it is in place? Will it require a permanent staff? How will you inform the potential users that a network will be insta ...

Agoraphobia Disorder or Panic Attack Essay

Agoraphobia Disorder or Panic Attack Essay Agoraphobia Disorder Essay Example Agoraphobia Disorder Essay Example Agoraphobia is a disease that is closely connected with the Panic Disorder. People with such disease are afraid to go into places or events where they have experienced panic or stress attack and anticipate it to happen again. Usually, a person who suffers from agoraphobia avoids visiting public places because he/she feels a need to escape or expects to be physically offended. Shopping centers, public transport and sports areas are the taboo places, which sick people refuse to visit. This paper discusses the clinical evolutionary learning of agoraphobia, its relation to PD and PA and causes of AG development. This paper explores six historical and social background publications that report on results from explorations conducted on different indications and classifications of agoraphobia disorder. However, the paper varies in DSM characteristics and AG relation to PA and PD neurosis. Wittchen et al. (2010) mentioned that only 23,5% of people suffering from PA developed agoraphobia and 50% developed PD. Despite various attempts to specify the features of agoraphobia, the assumptions still exclude each other. This paper discusses the clinical evolutional learning of agoraphobia, its relation to PD and PA and the contextual influences on AG development. Agoraphobia in Revision of the DSM and ICD The mid-80s were distinct by performed striking differences, such as self-rating tools, unstructured system and diagnostic without symptomatic focus. Panic attacks were directly associated with various disorders (substance and mood disorders, anxiety are actually not key identifications of agoraphobia or panic disorder). In addition, here is no large risk for PD or PA to be a result of agoraphobia disorder. According to DSM-IV-TR, only 2,4% of sick people developed PD and 11,6% developed PA. (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 118). A number of issues caused medical interest towards fears and phobias, including agoraphobia. First, it is connected with the high percentage of agoraphobia disorder among others forms of phobias. Second, the structural composition of the phobias is not constant. It is noticeable along with the affective, sensory, vegetative and dietary components. Third, agoraphobia is a disease that hardly passes without any treatment. The disease is more inclined to progression and needs a long-term treatment. The first time agoraphobia was mentioned in 1871 (Westphal’s classical description) as a paradigm for nervous disorders. Until the introduction of DSM-III-R, AG was identified in the medical literature as a regular phobia or neurosis. In 1970s agoraphobia was codified as a distinctive syndrome of multiple fears (ICD-9) and it retains the same codification today (ICD-10). In the USA, the agoraphobia within DSM system was considered a result of subdividing phobic nervous and anxiety disorder (DSM-III). The DSM-III has such symptoms as fear of being alone, avoidance of public places or panic attack when being there (especially under assumption of unavailable help in case of sudden incapacitations). In fact, the DSM definition is not very different from other learned disorders and the ICD explanation of agoraphobia, which is one of the disadvantages of the system. In 1980, agoraphobia was rather considered a form of panic attack (PA) than a special form of phobia. It was explained by temporary panic attacks on the initial phase of agoraphobia development and diagnostics omissions. The person developed an increased anticipatory fear of having panic attack and, therefore, in different ways tried to escape or avoid the indicators that cause them. The diagnosis of AG without panic attacks was made when the history of panic attacks was lost. Beginning from DSM-III-R, AG was described as a typical response to cases when PA had occurred. In addition, the AG in DSM-III-R was seen exclusively as a secondary complication and it was attached to panic attacks and panic disorders as an opposition to popular clinical and experimental achievements. According to Wittchen et al., â€Å"with consecutive DSM revision, the residual status of AG within the construct of PA and PD has been increasingly more pronounced† (2010, p. 115). DSM-IV-TR recognizes agoraphobia as impossible to code disorder. Alternatively, the panic disorder with agoraphobia or agoraphobia without the history of PD was provided within code disorders of agoraphobia similarity. The DSM-IV-TR is represented by complex differential diagnostic description with important considerations. It restricts the disease to people, who have AG related to fear of PD symptoms (e.g. diarrhea or dizziness). Thus, the specific diagnosis prescription was based on the definition o f two syndromes, including panic attacks (a complex of mental disorders) and agoraphobia (as a part of panic disorder or AG without the history of PD). Additionally, the discrepancy between DSM and ICD increased. The ICD-9 and ICD-10 retained agoraphobia as a separate disorder, not a form of PA or PD. The DSM-IV-TR defines agoraphobia in a different way than it was done before. In classical variations, the diagnosis was tied to PA or PD concepts. The DSM-IV-TR defined panic attack as a symptom. According to Barlow, â€Å"this conceptual development was based mainly on the observation in some studies, which use DSM-III-R criteria, AG patients without PA or extremely panic-rare features† (Barlow, 2002, p. 30). Thus, the assessment instruments and diagnostic criteria suspect the opinion that agoraphobia cannot be diagnosed without the context of panic-like symptoms or primary panic attacks. The implicit hierarchical DSM-IV made impossible to create systematic scheme as a productive solution, since the different diagnostic interviews and two discrepant medical criteria regress the treatment. It is important to mention that both panic attacks and PD are comorbid with agoraphobia. Some AG patients may develop their disease under the influence of panic-like symptoms and PA. On the other hand, the agoraphobia is an independent disease, the PA and PD are causally linked to agoraphobia and the clinical utility diagnoses AG as a separate disease. In addition, the researches on how to specify the explicit criteria to agoraphobia continue. One of the treatment disadvantages is that there is an undefined solution of how to diagnose patients whose DSM-IV-TR required symptoms of PD or PA were not noticed. There is a discussion whether in such cases it is better to diagnose NOS (anxiety disorder) or a DSM phobia. The general definition of the agoraphobia needs more specific characterization â€Å"and cues beyond the occurrence or fear of panic-like symptoms† like phobias (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 115). A mistaken omission makes it impossible to specify mandatory criteria. For instance, when a person recognizes that his fear is unreasonable, excessive and notices the exposure cases and impairment symptoms. A characteristic cluster must be defined when the agoraphobia syndrome covers two to four prototypical situations (as stipulated in the ICD-10 demand). DSM-IV-TR has no such characteristic that is why the DSM studies define the diagnosis without constant compulsory symptoms (Social or Specific Phobia). Overall, the DSM-III modified the diagnostic qualification of the agoraphobia. It was critically reexamined as overinclusive, since it did not restrict agoraphobia to obvious avoidance behavior. In DSM-III-R, agoraphobia was diagnosed, when a person experienced anxiety about having panic attacks, and avoided to be alone or in distress. Nevertheless, this idea can be neglected, because a person can travel alone despite the need of having somebody near. In addition, the classification of AG levels was omitted, including none, mild, moderate, severe. DSM-IV â€Å"is no longer the case with situational avoidance of equal footing with distress and use of companions† in establishment of the dichotomous diagnosis of agoraphobia (whether it is present or absent) (APA, 2000, p. 18). Schmidt and Cromer (2008, p. 161) criticized it, because the reduction of the agoraphobia specification from 4-point scale to present/absent dichotomous means that the last one is superior and has better organized assessment of phobias. As a result, the clinical utility and predictive value decreased. Thus, both opinions left the issue unresolved. One of the advantages is that now there are few options outline the key positions on agoraphobia in DSM-V. First, agoraphobia must be excluded as a classification diagnosis and become an additional part of PD. Second, AG must be recognized as a specific phobia. Then, the existing diagnostic categories must retain panic disorder without agoraphobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and agoraphobia without the history of PD. Finally, there must be more explicit diagnostic criterion for agoraphobia as a separate category. Clinical Evidence Since 1980s, the global medical explorations concentrated on the modified examination of panic disorder, panic attack and agoraphobia across the world. The criteria were chosen by the models of DSM-III, III-R and DSM-IV. The result demonstrated a spontaneous tendency that rates of agoraphobia without PD are higher than the ones with panic disorder. This factor includes both children and adults. In addition, it was found out that more than a half of the people who suffer from agoraphobia have no panic attacks. The studies had various amount of criteria, which caused assessment and methodological variations, but did not provide a definition of the true differences (like space and cultural influences). Thus, the studies of 1980’s (Diagnostic Interview Schedule – DIS, when even one AG case defined the diagnosis, were changed by the CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) were influential on the understanding of the agoraphobia. CIDI requires more than the case f or DSM-IV-R criteria, which caused the AG decrease by half and revealed less cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia. The USA studies demonstrate moderation of clinical settings, which has positive progressive impact on further treatment. The clinical practice rarely meets the cases of agoraphobia without the history of PD. C. Faravelli defined eight clinical studies, â€Å"seven with low sample sizes, citing four studies with not a single case of AG without panic and four studies reporting 2-31% of PA among AG patients† (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 117). PA, PD and AG Temporal Relationship Some studies attempted to define whether agoraphobia has constant relation to spontaneous panic attacks or panic-like symptoms. The clinical and epidemiological experiments and observations demonstrated no evidence for this assumption. The major amount of agoraphobics never experienced panic-like symptoms, PD or any other type of neurotic diseases that preceded the onset of AG. Furthermore, clinical retrospective studies used sensory methods to find prior clinical symptomatology. As a result, before the first panic attack more than a half of patients with agoraphobia had prodromal symptoms such as general anxiety and hypochondriasis. In addition, the research found considerable degree of discrepancy that failed. Nevertheless, it was observed that in up to 50% of all suffering from the AG, PA precedes agoraphobia, â€Å"providing some support for the assumed aetiopathogenic pathway implied in DSM-IV-R† (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 118). In fact, the concept of panic-agoraphobia spectrum was not taken into consideration with further assuming of reciprocal connection (this aspect is not supported by epidemiological evidence). In advance, the prospective clinic investigations rarely can succeed. One of them described systematical symptoms of agoraphobia, panic disorder and panic attacks. Critical Methodology The evidence that panic-like symptoms and panic attacks frequently play an important pathogenic role in agoraphobia progression was not supported by epidemiological studies. The new methodological grounds proved that the diagnostic interviews were not valid. The experts suppose that those diagnostic tools that are based on background observations that agoraphobia without panic attack and panic disorder is rarely a priori in clinical samples are not able to assess panic issues with sufficient accuracy. Since 1900, a few publications partly neglected CIDI criteria. The main idea of the new algorithmic is requirement of minimum two reported situations before AG diagnosis prescription. A smaller amount of such cases is classified as phobia NOS. As a result of such modification, the general rates of agoraphobia, panic arracks and panic disorders were substantially reduced. Despite such methodological appraisals are considerably sophisticated, some researchers believe that there are omissions in this conception. Age, Gender and Socio-Demographic Issues There is no systematized and generalized description of age and gender difference between agoraphobia and panic disorder. There are few differences between such characteristics of PD and PA with and without agoraphobia. Female preponderance within AG without panic attacks was higher than for panic disorder (American Psychiatric Association, n. d.). The retrospective cross-sectional studies made a conclusion that two thirds of all panic disorder cases appear before 35 years old. There is a rare substantial incidence risk in childhood and adolescence. There are differences between PD with agoraphobia and AG without panic attacks, but there is no notable difference between agoraphobia and panic disorder under the age and gender context. It was noticed, that people who suffer from agoraphobia without panic disorder and PD/AG in most cases have no jobs or they are disable. This conclusion allows assuming that agoraphobia is more widely spread in developed countries with busy and stressful life styles. Thus, a powerful impact of stress a person can experience due to some situations has a very strong influence on nervous system with harsh consequences. Genetic and Familiar Factors The anxiety neurosis and panic disorders are different and, thus, the genetic factors cannot be always an indicator of the possible disease within defined family. Nevertheless, the parental history of agoraphobia and panic disorders can take the core role in further development of panic symptoms in the next generations. Moreover, it can cause development of other diseases or disorders that can be harder to treat due to the factors mentioned above. During the last few decades of medical investigations, it was notified that the higher risk of blood relatives to become AG patients is not confined to agoraphobia. There is a gap in differential algorithm of familial aggregation of agoraphobia and PA/PD. Additionally, the risk for panic disorder might be higher than for agoraphobia. Moreover, agoraphobia and liability of panic attacks cannot be suggested to be on one AG-panic continuum, since agoraphobia is not closely associated with PD aggregation. In more simple way, without any symptoms of PD, agoraphobia cannot be revealed. On the other hand, any parental panic disorder or hard agoraphobia increases the risk to develop anxiety symptoms in offspring. Wittchen et al. (2010) estimated heritability in 61% for agoraphobia and 43-48% for panic disorder (p. 121). The female disorders are more frequent due to possible physiological and hormonal peculiarity, which causes higher heritability. AG Treatment Few studies examined possible opportunities for optimized and effective treatment of all three conditions. The adequate treatment is a financial topic for discussion, because only 42, 1% of agoraphobia diagnosed without PD and 41, 2% of suffering from PD gets enough help. In addition, there are obvious differences between AG without PD patients and PD group, who are not supported by the governmental health care system and psychiatric treatment. Moreover, the panic disorders are more frequent than agoraphobia, which also influences patients to seek for different professionals, since each disease has different complications and characteristics. Furthermore, the situation depends on type and methods of the health care system. For example, the USA and Germany created a structure in a way that the psychotherapists care about AG without PA treatment, whereas PD is a specialization of psychiatrists. Panic disorder and panic attack rarely exist in pure forms. Both are closely associated with other common or somehow related diseases, such as mood, substance and somatoform disorders. In the context of possible transitions from one disorder to another, it was noticed that PAs are strongly connected with psychopathology, but not necessarily characteristic to PD, agoraphobia or other neurotic disorders. Moreover, some commonwealths were found to use substances for psychotic and anxiety disorders. In opposition, agoraphobia is rather connected with the depression and highest probability of anxiety neurosis. Thus, with regard to the issues within PD without AG, AG and PD, the epidemiological studies demonstrate the conclusion that agoraphobia (without panic attacks) and panic-like disorders reveal common disability findings. The most impairing and frequent conditions are PD/AG. There is little evidence of specific differences between agoraphobia without PD and PA. The special observations demonstrated that agoraphobia rather belongs to phobias category, and PA and PD are comorbid disorders. Previously, the treatment was general: there were typical clinical courses of establishments of the space limited type for those who were not able to get better. Sometimes such people were considered as the ones mentally sick who only pretend of being scared. In contrast, the clinical agoraphobia treatment is considered as persistent (SSRI, Benzodiazepines). The clinical agoraphobia treatment is considered as persistent. First, the treatment includes antidepressants (both short and long-term usage). Another important issue is connected with the treatment controversy, because some meta-analysis is biased to CBT alone rather than to pharmacotherapy. The domestic treatment of agoraphobia can be also used to treat PD with AG. In some medical traditions, it was found that pharmacological placebo is significantly more effective than relaxation or alprazolam. The exposure treatment of agoraphobia causes subsequent escape from panic and amelioration. Thus, the pharmacological tools are lacki ng in panic or AG neurosis treatment. Alternatively, it can be reduced by psychotherapeutic cognitive approaches. Agoraphobia developed among many famous people. For example, Horace Leonard Gold (a science fiction writer and editor) had a harsh form. After his wartime trauma, his disease did not allow him to leave an apartment for two decades. Only after hard non-traditional treatment he succeeded. Another person Brian Wilson (singer) also had AG and schizophrenia, but his treatment did not give any result. Those examples demonstrate that this disease can attack anybody and there is no guarantee it will be treated. Axis Issues The Axis model includes five parts that in complex provide a comprehensive diagnosis with full description of the symptoms and factors that affect mental condition. The Axis I describes general depressive/nervous disorder (major characteristics and observation). The Axis II is dedicated to identifying the frequency of disorder attacks. The third Axis describes physical problems that may be related to mental disorders and worsen the condition of the patient (panic, trauma or physical violation). The Axis IV is connected with any kind of threats and dangers (for example, a job loss). The Axis V estimates an ability to function in every fay life (occupational, social and psychological accommodation). Speaking about the multiaxial distinction of Axis I-III, there is no big difference in conceptualization. Physical or biological factors are not related to phobias or neurotic disorders. In addition, medical condition does not directly depend on physical peculiarities. Sometimes they can be controversial, a high-rated diagnosis result of the body functioning does not guarantee impossibility of mental disorder development. Practically, it can be observed in the information provided by the American Psychiatric Association. This establishment monitors the facts, treatment process and results of the AG diagnosis and treatment programs. An important issue is that the conception represents various groups of people whose disorder progressed (by age, gender, surrounding, occupation). For example, one of the hardest forms of agoraphobia was developed in Rita Clark’s social escape. The treatment included complex Axis diagnostics and after 20 years of panic and fear, a woman returned to normal life (American Psychiatric Association, n. d., n. p.). Agoraphobia is an independent form of phobia, characterized by frequent panic attacks, when a person appears in an uncomfortable surrounding. The DSM conceptions tried to conduct a constant algorithm of the symptoms and consequences of agoraphobia disorder. The studying process caused various discussions about the psychological relation of AG to PA or PD. Meanwhile, five phases of Axis were formulated, which allowed providing full diagnosis of the patient simultaneously. The treatment analysis demonstrated that the treatment must include both medical and psychological methods.

Coca-Colas Groundwater Pollution in India

Coca-Cola's Groundwater Pollution in India An ongoing drought has threatened groundwater supplies across India, and many villagers in rural areas are blaming Coca-Cola for aggravating the problem. Coca-Cola operates 58 water-intensive bottling plants in India. In the southern Indian village of Plachimada in Kerala state, for example, persistent droughts have dried up groundwater and local wells, forcing many residents to rely on water supplies trucked in daily by the government. Groundwater Problem Began Several Years Ago Some there link the lack of groundwater to the arrival of a Coca-Cola bottling plant in the area three years ago. Following several large protests, the local government revoked Coca-Cola’s license to operate last year and ordered the company to shut down its $25-million plant. Similar groundwater problems have plagued the company in the rural Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where farming is the primary industry. Several thousand residents took part in a 10-day march in 2004 between two Coca-Cola bottling plants thought to be depleting groundwater. â€Å"Drinking Coke is like drinking farmer’s blood in India,† said protest organizer Nandlal Master. â€Å"Coca-Cola is creating thirst in India, and is directly responsible for the loss of livelihood and even hunger for thousands of people across India,† added Master, who represents the India Resource Center in the campaign against Coca-Cola. Indeed, one report, in the daily newspaper Mathrubhumi, described local women having to travel five kilometers (three miles) to obtain drinkable water, during which time soft drinks would come out of the Coca-Cola plant by the truckload. Coca-Cola Offers Sludge Fertilizer and Beverages with Pesticides Groundwater isn’t the only issue. The Central Pollution Control Board of ​India found in 2003 that sludge from Coca-Cola’s Uttar Pradesh factory was contaminated with high levels of cadmium, lead, and chromium.​​ To make matters worse, Coca-Cola was offloading cadmium-laden waste sludge as â€Å"free fertilizer† to tribal farmers who live near the plant, prompting questions as to why they would do that but not provide clean water to local residents whose underground supplies were being â€Å"stolen.† Another Indian nonprofit group, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), says it tested 57 carbonated beverages made by Coca-Cola and Pepsi at 25 bottling plants and found a â€Å"cocktail of between three to five different pesticides in all samples.† CSE Director Sunita Narain, the winner of the 2005 Stockholm Water Prize, described the group’s findings as â€Å"a grave public health scandal.† Coca-Cola Responds to Charges of Pollution and Groundwater Depletion For its part, Coca-Cola says that â€Å"a small number of politically motivated groups† are going after the company â€Å"for the furtherance of their own anti-multinational agenda.† It denies that its actions in India have contributed to depleting local aquifers, and calls allegations â€Å"without any scientific basis.† Citing excessive groundwater pumping, in 2014, Indian government officials ordered closed the Mehdiganj plant in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Since that time, Coca-Cola has undertaken a water replacement program, but unusually dry monsoons highlight the reality that water depletion continues to be a serious issue.

Pity or Positive Disabled advertising today Essay

Pity or Positive Disabled advertising today - Essay Example This essay "Pity or Positive? Disabled advertising today" outlines the image of the disabled people in the media and commercials and their visibility. Studies and reports have found that it is advantageous to mainstream disability and to include disabled people in advertisements. Reports also reveal that mutual benefits can be gained when companies use ads that feature people with disabilities. Advertising (2001) reports: These ads were breaking fresh ground, partly because they were not from charities or rights commissions, but less expectedly from commercial organizations that were using disability to convey a message about their brand. By choosing disability as its subject, the Co-op Bank ad was reminding people of its ethical values. The Coca Cola ad was giving the brand, not known for having roots in football, real credibility among football fans. Freeserve was using a disabled person as a metaphor for capability and accomplishment. But in using images of disability to convey su ch messages about their brands, these advertisers also broke ground in the subtext about what they said about disability.† Many have grasped the negative perception caused by the lack of exposure of disabled persons in the media. Hence, they fear that they will feel uncomfortable around those with disabilities. When advertisements show disabled individuals in everyday surroundings and situations, these fears are alleviated. The audience starts to see the truth—that those with disabilities are really not that different from those who do not have these disabilities.

THE SCOPE OF AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IS A THIRD PARTY BOUND BY IT Dissertation

THE SCOPE OF AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IS A THIRD PARTY BOUND BY IT - Dissertation Example The arbitration agreement or clause is usually attached to a principal contract defining the relationship between the parties. When claims arise on the basis of the main contract, then arbitration is resorted to. There are a system of rights and obligations that come into play that occasionally involve third parties non-signatory to the contract (and consequently the arbitration clause) either as beneficiary or in some other capacity that is intricately connected to the transaction subject of arbitration. A dilemma is created when the need arises to include such third party under the coverage of the arbitration procedure in order to provide complete relief to the signatory parties, as this goes against the consensual nature of the arbitration procedure and the legal principle that only signatories to a contract may be bound by it. The problem is already difficult to address in the context of national law. Where the dispute involves a transaction between parties in different countries , however, then the dilemma becomes more complicated. Arbitration being an informal process, it relies much on broad considerations of case law, customs and traditions, and of course the original intention of the parties which, of itself, may also be interpreted from the viewpoint of tradition. In the case of international commercial disputes, where the only practical recourse is through arbitration, the matter of which laws should govern becomes itself a complication to the adjudication of the original dispute. The intricacies of international public law and conflicts in international private law between the countries confounds the use of customs and traditions and the interpretation of the parties’ original intention; this makes third party inclusion more difficult to determine, and an examination of existing case law bears witness to this. Given different situs of the arbitration proceedings, sometimes conflicting decisions are issued by different arbitration institutions. . This research is essentially a cursory survey of the provisions, doctrines and case law on the matter of the inclusion in arbitration proceedings of third parties who are non-signatories to the arbitration agreement. It aims to articulate the issues that come into play in the matter of international arbitration, when the inclusion or intervention of third parties becomes a necessary consideration. Table of Contents Title Page 1 Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 4 Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 6 Chapter Two: SCOPE OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 9 2.1 Definition of Arbitration Agreement 10 2.2 Parties to an Arbitration Agreement 14 2.2.1 Capacity of the Parties 15 2.2.2 Third Party 16 2.3 Validity of an Arbitration Agreement 17 2.3.1 Writing 17 2.3.2 Defined Legal Relationship 18 2.3.3 Capable of Settlement by Arbitration 19 2.4 Separability 21 Chapter Three: THIRD PARTY AND ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 25 3.1 The Problem 25 3.2 Is It Possible to Joint a Non-Formal Party to the Agreement of Arbi tration 26 3.2.1 Group of Companies Doctrine 27 3.2.2 The Theory of Estoppel 32 3.2.3 The Theory of Alter Ego 40 3.3 Distinction Between Non-Signatory Issue and the Joinder and Consolidation Issues 42 3.4 Is it the Same Terms for Extending an Arbitration Clause to Non-Signatory Companies and States 46 Chapter Four: MULTI

Managing for the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing for the Future - Essay Example Some of the major objectives of the company are to provide growth and opportunities to employees, fulfilling the shareholder’s expectations and creating shareholder’s value. (PepsiCo, 2013c). The vision of the company is to translate the mission and objectives through the development of social, environmental and economical development programmes (PepsiCo, 2013c). The values and philosophy of Pepsi signifies its responsibility towards societal and community needs (PepsiCo, 2013e). The main objective of the company is to attain the financial and business goals with a positive impact on the society (PepsiCo, 2013o).The company has expanded into several segments and regions by acquiring several business units and companies like Tropicana, Pepsi Bottling Group and Pepsi Americas in the year 2007 and 2009 respectively (PepsiCo, 2013f). 1 (a) Environmental Issues Environmental issues have been a cause of huge concern for the society, government and the companies. The major cau se of the environmental degradation has been the impact of the business activities and process. The alterations in the biodiversity have interacted in the most complex ways with the environment. The environmental issues in developed and developing countries have propelled the demand for restructuring the environmental reform. Environmental issues have become a growing concern for the government of varied nations and have compelled them to create knowledge of environmental imperatives, rules and regulations. The government of varied nations especially of the developing nations are trying to manage the situational crisis by developing measures of protection for the environment. Environment protection measures by the government have helped in creating awareness among the societal members and led to reduction of economic stress. The fundamental problems of environmental degradation could be solved with the aid of the multinational corporations. The aid of multinational corporations is r equired for the reduction in the carbon emissions and toxic elements (Chukwuma, 2000).The government of varied nations and the world health organizations have created several strict measures for the multinational corporations to abide by. The various environmental issues developed by Pepsi during the tenure 2007 to 2013 would be as follows: Year Environmental issues & Sustainability Technology 2007 The management had developed a programme which was known as human sustainability. The goal of this programme was to develop food products which were healthy and nourishing for customers. The company had taken measures of reducing the water and energy consumption per unit by 20 percent (PepsiCo, 2013m). The goals of the programme were also to decrease fuel consumption by 25 percent. The company had reused the water from processing methods to provide communities access to clean water. The company was included in the Dow and Jones Sustainability Index in North America (PepsiCo, 2013h). The c ompany was successful in developing successful technological transformation initiatives. It was also successful in implementing techniques in PCA, Tropicana and Quaker oats for enhancing the product development process. A ground work was laid to convert the financial process, contracts, and other projects into SAP technology (PepsiCo, 2013h). 2008 The company had t

Visitor and destination management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Visitor and destination management plan - Essay Example The Canary Islands consist of Isla de Gran Canaria, Isla de Tenerife, Isla de la Palma, Isla de la Gomera, Isla de El Hierro, Isla de Alegranza, and Isla de Fuerteventura. Tourism is one of the main revenue source for the isands, with Gran Canaria and Tenerife attracting the most visitors, however, tourism abounds throughout the chain (McLeod, 1999). The Canary Islands, which shall focus on Gran Canaria of the island chain, as the subject location for this study of tourism and destination management in that the location is well known as well as offered suitable information that is available to enable an examination of the varied points to be addressed herein. In examining visitor and destination management, an understanding of the term is necessary to position it within this study. The Association of Destination Management Executives defines destination management as professional management that specialises " in the design and delivery of events, activities, tours, staffing and transportation, possessing and utilising extensive local knowledge, expertise and resources" (Lee, 1998). The World Trade Organisation Business Council advises that "the current trend in almost all regions of the world is towards semi-public but autonomous tourism organizations involving a partnership with both private sector and regional and/ or local authorities" (George Washington University, 2003). The preceding marks a distinct departure from the past as the roles as well as responsibilities of the private sector and governments have undergone a significant change in that the state no longer has the main responsibility for the development and promotion of tourism (George Washington University, 2003). The new situation calls for the alignment of both interests due to the huge economic ramifications of tourism that requires cooperation and planning between the state, local governments, the private business sector, as well as local communities in the crafting of long range plans concerning infrastructure investment, that consists of airport, transport, road, energy delivery, and related improvements as well as foreign investment attraction for hotels, general and specific industries (World Travel and Tourism Organisation, 1999). The fact

Create a Design for a Wireless Campus Area Network Essay

Create a Design for a Wireless Campus Area Network - Essay Example Lot of learning institutes has implemented a Campus area network. The campus area network connects to two or more local area networks of any two remote offices within limited geographical locations. The connectivity involves synchronization of data and applications such as intranet (Campus area network.2007).The network devices and computing equipments have to be reliable and extendable, if the faculty staff increases. The network design for the CAM requires an expandable and efficient network that will fulfill the requirements of speed, distance and cost. Radio Frequency Solution The radio frequency solution is quite achievable in the current scenario. As the city government offices require wireless connectivity ‘access points’ are of major concern. ‘Access points’ are the deployed to connect devices equipped with wireless technology. ‘Access points’ transmits and receive radio signals adjacent to a network hub over a limited distance. However, distance varies from different model types and the technology adopted. An IEEE 802.11n wireless network standard is recommended for connecting all the city government offices. 802.11n supports transmission speeds up to 150 Mbps and beyond. 802.11n works on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands (802.11n definition from PC magazine encyclopedia). Cisco is recommended for the Wi-Fi solution.

Visitor and destination management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Visitor and destination management plan - Essay Example The Canary Islands consist of Isla de Gran Canaria, Isla de Tenerife, Isla de la Palma, Isla de la Gomera, Isla de El Hierro, Isla de Alegranza, and Isla de Fuerteventura. Tourism is one of the main revenue source for the isands, with Gran Canaria and Tenerife attracting the most visitors, however, tourism abounds throughout the chain (McLeod, 1999). The Canary Islands, which shall focus on Gran Canaria of the island chain, as the subject location for this study of tourism and destination management in that the location is well known as well as offered suitable information that is available to enable an examination of the varied points to be addressed herein. In examining visitor and destination management, an understanding of the term is necessary to position it within this study. The Association of Destination Management Executives defines destination management as professional management that specialises " in the design and delivery of events, activities, tours, staffing and transportation, possessing and utilising extensive local knowledge, expertise and resources" (Lee, 1998). The World Trade Organisation Business Council advises that "the current trend in almost all regions of the world is towards semi-public but autonomous tourism organizations involving a partnership with both private sector and regional and/ or local authorities" (George Washington University, 2003). The preceding marks a distinct departure from the past as the roles as well as responsibilities of the private sector and governments have undergone a significant change in that the state no longer has the main responsibility for the development and promotion of tourism (George Washington University, 2003). The new situation calls for the alignment of both interests due to the huge economic ramifications of tourism that requires cooperation and planning between the state, local governments, the private business sector, as well as local communities in the crafting of long range plans concerning infrastructure investment, that consists of airport, transport, road, energy delivery, and related improvements as well as foreign investment attraction for hotels, general and specific industries (World Travel and Tourism Organisation, 1999). The fact

I set about learning Welsh, in order to be able to return to the true Essay

I set about learning Welsh, in order to be able to return to the true Wales of my imagination (R.S Thomas). How are questions of language, place and national identity inter-related in literary texts - Essay Example Moreover, he argues that ‘nationalism is an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining the autonomy, unity and identity of a nation’2. It is this concept of ‘sameness’ and belonging which unifies us individuals to have a sense of pride attached to our country. This issue of national identity is one which is distinct within Welsh Anglo-Saxon writer R.S. Thomas’ Collected Poetry and Irish writer Roddy Doyle’s Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha. It is interesting to compare the confused identity of Thomas, who was born in Cardiff yet spoke English as a child, to a dominant Irish figure such as Doyle who was born and bred in Ireland, and hence feels justified in glorifying his own country. He does this by using Gaelic phrases in order to present it in a more idealised category compared to the other cultures. Doyle too betrays anguish in his own culture as he presents the underlying woes within an Irish household being those of violence which was common in the 1960’s when the book was written. Nevertheless, one notes a sense of pride and belonging in Doyle, whereas Thomas is still searching in order â€Å"to be able to return to the true Wales of my imagination†3. In this essay, I will explore issues of language, place and national identity that are manifest within Thomas’ Collected poems and Roddy Doyle’s Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha. R.S. Thomas focuses on Wales as his own national identity. For example, in A Welsh Testament, he writes, ‘All right, I was Welsh. Does it matter? I spoke the tongue that was passed on to me in the place I happened to be’4. We find Thomas telling us that although he speaks English, he is unable to speak his ‘mother tongue’, which he believes to be Welsh. There is a defensive hue in his words, as though he is trying to justify his inability to speak their language. This speaks of an anguish in him resulting from not having a full sense of belonging. In the poem

Principles of diversity equality Essay Example for Free

Principles of diversity equality Essay Outcome 1: Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1.1 Define what is meant by: Diversity:- Is that right of each individual to be different and to have differences from others. Equality:- the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities. Inclusion:- the action or state of including or being included within a group or structure. Discrimination:- the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age or sex. 1.2 Describe how direct or indirect discrimination may occur in the work setting. Direct discrimination: Institutional/Company: different pay levels offered for the same job, promotion offers to only a select group of employees; job offers and training opportunities being offered to individuals of a certain race or age; bullying, excluding others, provocations of colleagues or clients on the basis of their gender, age, religious beliefs, ethnicity, language, social class, sexual orientation. Indirect discrimination: Inadequate facilities put in place for those with disabilities, making demands on workforce which they deem as being disadvantageous to employees of a certain group; using overly complex terminology when providing information either members of staff or the clients Read more: Describe the potential effects of discrimination essay 1.3 Explain how practices that support diversity, equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination. Mixing groups of individuals in situations like; training sessions encourages cohesion and fosters the opportunities for individuals to work well with each other in partnership. Introducing facilities that aid mobility as this encourages the involvement of individuals who are less mobile and makes them feel included as their needs are being taken into account. Putting in place polices that empower employees and show the individuals value to the company such as; employee of the month awards and bonuses given for consistent good work. This will increase the employees confidence in carrying out their job and want to  continue their employment contract with the company. Outcome 2: Know how to work in an inclusive way. 2.1 List key legislations and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care settings. Equalities Act (2001). The Employment Act (2008). Health and Social Care Act (2012). Human Rights Act (1998). Mental Capacity Act (2005). Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006). 2.2 Describe how to interact with individuals in an inclusive way. Being empathetic towards the clients situation and showing a genuine interest in their concerns and needs. Allowing and encouraging a two-way dialogue to occur between the care worker and the client using techniques such as; active listening to aid communication. Respecting individuals cultural and/or religious differences and working with them in a way that doesnt go against their beliefs or morals. 2.3 Describe ways in which discrimination may be challenged in adult social care settings. Putting in place a company policy of zero-tolerance regarding discrimination. Informing all members of staff and clients about how and when to make complaints regarding any issues of concern including discrimination. Encouraging others to challenge discrimination. Maintaining a record of discriminatory behaviour and resorting to disciplinary actions to deal with such behaviour. Routinely updating policies and procedures of organisation in relation to discrimination. Using previous discriminatory cases to aid the continuous professional development of the members of staff as they can act as an example of how they can respond and handle similar situations if and when they occur in their future working life with the company. Outcome 3: Know how to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. 3.1 Identify sources of  information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. Company care worker handbook. Skills for care website. Heath Social Care Information Centre website. NHS website. Healthcare Diversity Council website. 3.2 Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. An individual should access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in instances where they believe that either them or the client who they are assisting being treated unfairly due to factors like an individuals race or ethnicity; having access to the relevant legislative rules and regulations such as; the Equalities Act (2001) or The Employment Act (2008) and the companys policies and procedures regarding diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination so that they know exactly what their employer is legally required to put into place in order to foster diversity, equality, inclusion and prevent discrimination. This information especially the companys policies and procedures will also inform the care worker of the proper procedure that needs to occur when the care worker experiences issues regarding diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination.

Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Developing Countries

Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Developing Countries Ever growing poverty, unemployment, huge inequality between rich and poor countries are witnessed to the nightmare and failure of world economy first time in the 21st century. The present economic crises across the globe are said to be the result of neo-economic theories such as Thatcher-Regan free market model which dominated world economic philosophy more than 30 years. The series of the current global financial crisis, particularly in USA and the European countries service industry, Automobiles industry and Information Technology and its related services, are become a global threat where it swallows developing countries economies one by one. Many studies said that this is the result of failure of free market model where the government intervention in trade and commerce is negligible. In a free market economic model, there is a close collision among trade, commerce and Politics which leads to manipulation of market by a few market leaders with the cost of a huge number. In this jun cture, this is the time to find out an appropriate solution to cue and accelerate the economic growth. In this paper an earnest attempt is made to study the impact of global economic crisis on developing countries which are often become puppets in the hands of developed countries. This paper speaks in three core areas where the first section deals introduction of the study, the second section deals, heart of this paper, impact of the global economic crisis on developing countries particularly South Asia, Africa and India and the last section speaks out some possible conclusions. Section I Introduction The global financial crisis has become a full-fledged crisis of the real economy as much deeper than the Great Depression of 1930s. The global recession has set in with all its ill effects on employment, loss of livelihood and houses for people around the world. The demand, especially private consumption, is daily being fall at national and international levels. Investment, output, employment and trade are falling sharply worldwide. Poverty is rising, the middle classes are threatened, and the wealthy and retirees find their assets shrinking dramatically. In most developed countries, new waves of bank rescue packages follow the previous, unsuccessful ones. Conservative central bankers of the USA take on risky assets, their balance sheets and prospective losses swell. Some warn of deflation, others worry that fiscal and monetary stimuli will bring back inflation. Even countries that have accumulated high levels of foreign exchange reserves are concerned by capital outflows, while thos e without queue at the IMF. The latest World Economic Outlook (Update in November 2008); suggest that the world economy will grow only at 2% in 2009, with the advanced economies taken together, experiencing negative growth (-0.3%) during the year. The US GDP is projected to contract by 0.7%, Euro Area GDP by 0.5% and UK GDP by 1.3% during 2009. According to the IMF, this will be the first annual contraction, i.e., absolute fall in output, experienced in the advanced economies in the post-war period. All the major capitalist Centers USA, Europe and Japan are simultaneously in recession. The unemployment rate in the US had already risen to 6.7% in November 2008, with 18.7,00,000 people jobs being lost there since November 2007. The unemployment rates in France and Germany had risen to 8.2% and 7.1% respectively by October 2008 (ILO). With the recession deepening in 2009, unemployment in the advanced capitalist economies would rise further. The initial response of the Governments in the advanced capitalist count ries to the financial crisis was to announce bailout packages for the financial companies, which had made enormous losses. Recapitalization of private financial institutions with public funds took the shape of part nationalization of several banks and financial companies. This was accompanied by coordinated interest rate cuts by Central Banks across the world. These financial and monetary policy measures, however, have failed to prevent a deepening recession, which is now generally believed to be the worst ever since the Great Depression. The Governments of the advanced capitalist countries are now falling back upon fiscal interventions to salvage the situation. Even the bastion of neo-liberal orthodoxy, the IMF, has recently called for a large fiscal stimulus totaling 2% of global GDP, to address the crisis. While the $700 billion bailout package announced in the US in October 2008 was primarily meant to compensate the losses made by the private financial institutions and other cor porates. After much debate between Britain and Germany, the EU has also adopted a nearly $ 280 billion fiscal package including tax cuts and public spending plans. The crisis is exposing the hazards of neo-liberal economic policies and the advanced capitalist countries are being compelled to resort to direct State intervention as the way out of the crisis. However, the extent of the crisis is such that these fiscal measures may turn out to be insufficient. There is also apprehension that the extent of financial losses by banks and other private companies are yet to be revealed. More financial shocks would only aggravate the crisis and worsen the prospects of economic recovery. All efforts would be made by the rich capitalist countries to shift the burden of crisis on to the third world and for the ruling classes to shift the burden on to the working class and the peasantry. USA is a Root Cause for Present Crisis The clear victory for Obama was a rejection of the policies of Bush regime. The growing economic crisis which has badly affected the American people was a prime reason for the victory. The American people are more concerned about how Obama will tackle the economic crisis and revive the economy and jobs. History shows that the Depression, it always comes from American Wall Street. A major promoter of globalisation was the Washington consensus based the network of the Wall Street, the US money lending agencies in the Euro-currency markets. Nevertheless, the new US Govt. led by Obama is trying to revive the economy, has approved a special $800 billion fiscal package to be spent over the coming years in short-term, and it is estimated around $10 trillion to spend in the long-term in the areas like infrastructural development and housing projects to create new job opportunity and so on. It means each American will intervene with USD 2.25 thousand for helping to bail out firms threatened b y the fall-out of sub-prime crisis. However, the White House, the Treasury and the Federal Reserve, who were saying that intervention was inevitable to avoid a financial meltdown, were making the case for a specific kind of intervention that favoured Wall Street. Having made huge profits on speculation big finance wanted the State to pick up the losses when the bubble burst. Section II Impact of Global Crisis on Developing Countries Many developing countries are moving into a danger zone. Growth in developing-countries had been expected to reach 6.4 per cent in 2009, but has been marked down to 4.5 per cent. In the coming period, developing countries will see growing fiscal pressures both on the expenditure side (growing demands for social protection, recapitalization, etc) and the revenue side (as exports and economic activity slow). The appropriate response to falling domestic demand may, in some cases, be a measured fiscal stimulus. However, the credit crunch and flight from risk is already reducing the ability of formerly market-access countries to meet their gross financing needs (rolling over amortized debt and financing their net borrowing requirements). Some developing countries will be hit much harder than the average experiencing growth which is negative in per capita or even absolute terms. Coming on the heels of food and fuel price shock, the global financial crisis could significantly set back the fight against poverty. Sharply tighter credit conditions and weaker growth are likely to cut into government revenues and governments ability to invest to meet education, health and gender goals. The poor will be hit hardest. Current estimates suggest that a one per cent decline in developing country growth rates traps an additional 20 million people into poverty. Already 100 million people have been driven into poverty as a result of high food and fuel prices. Already, sharp cuts in capital flows to developing countries are expected. Even if the waves of panic that have inundated credit and equity markets across the world are soon brought under control, deleveraging in financial markets and an extended period of banking-sector consolidation is expected to cut sharply into capital flows into developing countries. Private flows into developing countries are projected to decline from $1 trillion in 2007 to around $530 billion in 2009 (or from 7.7 to 3.0 per cent of developing country GDP). The food and fuel price shocks have already imposed large fiscal costs on developing countries, undermining their ability to respond to fall-out from the financial crisis. Policymakers responding to high food and fuel prices made extensive use of tax reductions to offset higher prices and increased spending on subsidies and income support. Data from a recent IMF survey covering 161 countries shows that nearly 57 per cent of countries reduced taxes on food while 27 per cent reduced taxes on fuels. Almost one in five countries increased food subsidies while 22 per cent increased fuel subsidies. Recent declines in food and fuel prices do not imply that pressures and problems have disappeared. Although most of the hike in commodity prices that occurred in 2007 and the first half of 2008 has dissipated, commodity prices remain above their 2004/05 levels, and currency depreciation is raising the local cost for many food and fuel importing countries. For the very poor, reducing consumption from already very low levels, even for a short period, can have important long-term consequences. The poorest households may have had to reduce the quantity and/or quality of the food, schooling, and basic services they consumed, leading to irreparable damage to the health and education of millions of children. Poor households forced to switch from more expensive to cheaper and less nutritional foodstuffs or cut back on total caloric intake altogether, face weight loss and severe malnutrition. During 2008-09, higher food prices may have increased the number of children suffering permanent cognitive and physical injury due to malnutrition by 44 million. Many of the countries most exposed to rising global food and fuel prices are those with high pre-existing levels of malnutrition. Financial institutions in developing countries are beginning to suffer from a lack of short term liquidity, as retail deposits exit and non-deposit funding dries up. As the effects of the global recession spreads, the impact will be felt on financial sector asset quality, leading to the need for recapitalization of financial institutions. Lack of liquidity will also reveal underlying weaknesses in regulatory frameworks and in the management of financial institutions, requiring regulatory reforms and capacity building. Tight credit markets in developing countries are rapidly affecting the real sector, especially sectors reliant on trade, finance and working capital. Impact on the South Asia While some countries in South Asia had relatively less exposure to the crisis through adverse effects on capital flows, they remain vulnerable to global economic slowdown through export earnings, remittances and external financing of infrastructure. Growth in South Asia decelerated in 2008, falling from 8.6% in 2007 to below 7% based on estimate as of last December 2008. It is projected to decline further to around 6% or below in 2009, before recovering to around 7% in 2010. Even at these reduced growth rates, South Asia stands out compared to the recession in the developed economies. Nevertheless, with 900 million people in developing Asia surviving on $1.25 a day more than half of those in South Asia any tempering of growth is a serious case of concern. We believe, there are four inter-related impacts of global economic downturn on Asia. First, economic slowdown would result in reduction of exports with the attendant effects, not only on export-oriented, value-added industries th emselves, but industries across the value chain. This impact could manifest itself in the form of unemployment and a reduction in GDP. Second by, the impact is being felt through the financial system. By this, we mean that the outflow of foreign direct investment from Asias financial markets result in depressed domestic equity markets and contribute to conservative lending strategies. Third by, impact relates to liquidity in domestic financial markets. If credit availability remains constrained, it is likely to be even more constrained for the lower end of the market, i.e., credit for labor-intensive small and medium enterprises and micro enterprises with its serious impacts. Fourth by, impact, though not fully evident yet, could be on informal social safety nets by virtue of reduced remittances received from overseas migrant workers as the host country economy slows down and capital expenditures are reduced. Impact on African Continent The poorest countries of Africa will be significantly affected by the crisis. African countries will be harmed through slower export growth, reduced remittances and lower commodity prices. The crisis may also lead to a reduction in private investment flows, making weak economies even less able to cope up with internal vulnerabilities and development needs. Some African countries are facing serious macroeconomic imbalances quite independently of the financial crisis, mostly brought on the fuel and food crises-such as Ethiopia having 60 per cent inflation and so on. Burundi, Madagascar, Niger, Timor Leste, Ethiopia, Somalia and Yemen are among the ten most affected countries for both stunting and wasting indicators. All of these countries experienced double-digit food inflation during 2008-09. Impact on the Indian Economy India has already entered into recession though late a little bit compared to west. Indias exports had been expected to reach USD 200 billion by 2008, but unfortunately has been marked down to USD 180 billion in December, 2008 (when it was growing 30.9% during the last six months, but it is reported to 12% in December, 2008). According to Mr. Shaktiwel, President of Federation of Indian Exports Organization (FIEO); Indias export share (which is 20% of the GDP) is going down, and it is expected to be 10 million job losses in March, 2009. Indian exporters have mainly been depending on North American and European markets, and both markets have entered into recession. Indian Govt. has announced an extra rescue package (around $4 billion) for the producers and exporters to revive the economy. The Indian financial system has remained relatively immune from the devastating crisis afflicting the advanced capitalist countries, mainly due to the extant regulations and public sector domination of the financial sector. The stock markets have witnessed a meltdown though, with the FIIs being net sellers worth $13.1 billion in the year 2008, which has also led to a decline in Indias foreign exchange reserves. The real impact of global recession on the Indian economy, however, is mainly being felt in terms of a slowdown in exports and industrial growth. Dollar value of exports in November 2008 ($11.5 billion) was almost 10% lower than that in November 2007 ($12.7 billion). The Index of Industrial Production recorded a 0.4% fall in October 2008 compared to October 2007, with the manufacturing index registering a 1.2% fall. The prices of cash crops have also declined adversely affecting the farmers. Job losses have escalated. At least 1, 00,000 gem trade workers have been rendered jobless in Gujarat. It is estimated that around a million jobs have been lost. As per estimates by Assocham and others in the coming period, job losses will mount to ten million. The economic managers of the Government, who till not so long ago were boasting about attaining 10% GDP growth, have now downgraded their GDP growth forecast to 7% for 2008-09. Economic growth is likely to slow down sharply in 2009. Howeve r, the UPA Government has neither learnt the proper lessons from the financial crisis nor is it willing to shed its neo-liberal dogma and adopt effective steps to deal with the slowdown. The basic demand was for a fiscal package directed at increasing public expenditure in ways, which increases the income and consumption of working people and ensures broad-based growth. Increased public investment in agriculture, expansion of the NREGA, higher allocations for health and education, infrastructure like rural roads, housing for the middle and lower income groups and universalisation of PDS were specifically demanded, apart from a reduction in fuel prices, regulation of organized retail, tariff protection for farmers and small industries and reversal of financial liberalization. A moratorium on job and wage cuts was also demanded. Price rise and food supply Though the rate of inflation is going down, there is no reduction in the prices of food items and other essential commodities. People continue to suffer from high prices in retail items. Petrol and diesel prices were marginally reduced by the Government in early December 2008, by Rs. 5 and Rs. 2 per liter respectively, but the reduction was inadequate considering that crude oil prices have come down to below $50 per barrel from the peak of $147 dollar per barrel in July 2008. Further, reduction of oil prices has to be done by the government. Food insecurity has had a devastating impact leading to increased malnutrition and hunger as a direct result of faulty food policies of successive governments. Deaths due to malnutrition and hunger have taken place in tribal areas in Maharashtra and Jharkhand. With the increased procurement of wheat this year, stocks with the government are at 22 million tonnes; double that of the buffer norm for the month of October. Taken together, the rice and wheat stocks of the government are 29.8 million tonnes against the minimum combined buffer norm of 16.2 million tonnes, a 84 per cent surplus over the required buffer. According to data supplied by the Ministry, between 2005-2006 and 2007-2008, the average annual allocation for Above Poverty Line ration card holders to the states was cut by 73.36 per cent. Yet, the government refuses to restore the allocation preferring instead to sell the stocks to traders at subsidized rates. Inadequate Government Measures The fiscal package announced by the UPA Government on 7th December 2008 increased Plan expenditure by only Rs. 20000 crore, which is less than 0.5% of Indias GDP. Such a weak fiscal stimulus would not succeed in reversing the slowdown and arresting the consequent job losses and growing unemployment in the economy. The Government primarily relied on tax cuts, like the 4% cut in the CENVAT rate, to stimulate the economy. The Government has failed to link the concessions to industry to conditionality preventing layoffs and retrenchment. The State Governments were totally neglected in the fiscal package. With tax revenues falling due to the economic slowdown, the State Governments are experiencing great difficulties in maintaining the desired level of Plan expenditure. A debt relief package for States along with interest rate subsidy on their borrowings, relaxation of fiscal responsibility norms and greater transfer of resources from Centre to States are required, in order to enable the State Governments to step up expenditure to create jobs and expand welfare measures. A second stimulus package was announced by the Government on 2nd January 2009. Not a single rupee of additional spending was announced over and above the amount of Rs. 20,000 crore additional Plan outlay announced on 7th December 2008. In fact, the Government ruled out any further increase in public spending in the current financial year. By announcing that further fiscal measures will only be contained in the annual Plan for the next financial year, the UPA Government is shifting the burden of addressing the economic slowdown on to the next Government, after having imported the global recession into the domestic economy by pursuing neo-liberal policies. The Government is basically trying to salvage the situation by infusing liquidity into the financial system through interest rate cuts and other monetary policy measures. It is also doling out tax concessions to the corporates in order to protect their profits and trying to ensure that they do not abandon their investment plans. Thes e measures would not succeed since recessionary fears have already gripped the private corporate sector as well as middle-class consumers, who are cutting down on investment and consumption spending. Neo-liberal dogma prevents the UPA Government from embarking upon a substantial fiscal intervention that can provide some succor to the slowing economy. What is more disturbing is the fact that in the name of announcing a stimulus package on 2nd January 2009, the UPA Government has pushed further capital account liberalization measures like easing External Commercial Borrowing norms for corporates, especially for the real estate sector. The investment limit for FIIs in corporate bonds has also been raised. This shows that the Government has learnt no lesson from the global financial crisis and continues to repose its faith upon speculative international finance capital. The UPA Governments stubborn refusal to learn from global experiences and its recklessness in pushing ahead with financial liberalization was also visible during the winter session of Parliament when two Bills The Insurance Laws (Amendments) Bill and The Life Insurance Corporation (Amendment) Bill were introduced in the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha respectively on 22nd December 2008. The first legislation seeks to raise the FDI cap in the insurance sector from 26% to 49% and allow the same foreign players, who have played havoc with the global financial system, to expand their control in the Indian insurance sector and gain access to the savings of the people. Another amendment is to allow foreign companies in the reinsurance business. These legislations are meant to keep the process of insurance sector liberalization and privatization alive despite the global shift in favour of public ownership of financial institutions in the wake of financial crisis. It is clear that the response of the UPA Government to the global economic crisis would be limited to defending the interests of big businesses, international finance capital and the affluent sections. On the other hand, the working class is coming under increasing assaults in the form of lay-offs and retrenchment. With a deepening recession, prices of agricultural products particularly, cash crops like coffee, rubber, pepper etc. are falling drastically, adversely affecting the peasantry. The brunt of the crisis will be borne by the peasantry and leads to suicides by farmers are recurring. Small-scale producers and traders, especially those in the unorganized sector, would be badly hit. Section III Is a Practical Solution for the Current ills Possible? Though, on 2 April, 2009, the G-20 summit held in London address the current financial crisis. There is no guaranty of bang of world economy once again. Instead of finding of roots of dearth of the economy, they came with some sops for the global economy. If you go throughout history, one can know that people are not ready to learn. There is no doubt in saying that any financial and monetary measures of the USA and EU will bring more inflation, more devaluation of national currencies, more unemployment, more painful losses of the markets and lower prices of export commodities of the developing and poor countries, more unequal exchange. The society is organized on the principle of division of labour if its health is to be ensured, then all the three dimension of an economy namely; production, exchange and distribution should be taken care of. It is, therefore, necessary that production should be guided not by market forces e.g., demand and supply but the need of the society. There wer e three essential functions to be performed namely; to adept production according to need, to maintain the volume of production up to the limits set by available resources and to distribute equitably the common product among the producers. Production is guided by demand and not by need of the societies and hence it is governed and measured by income, which is very low as compared to need. Again, the level of production is not maintained according to the existing resources. It was carefully directed by the capitalist proprietors who according to their own wishes, controls its volume and size motivated chiefly by the ideal of maximization of profits. Consequently, the distribution of wealth was unjust and there was exploitation of masses by a few. The diminishing purchasing power of working classes, total consumption fails to keep pace with total production leading to unemployment, further diminishing of purchasing power and ultimately to an intensification of crisis. This leads to in the volume of production of those commodities which the labourers are unable to purchase. Consequently, prices go on falling, size of production is reduced, factories are closed and unemployment is created leading to further crisis. Developing countries, particularly India has to spend more on areas like housing projects for low-income urban residents, farmers livelihood and rural infrastructure, the construction of railway, road and airports, education and public health care, ecological construction, technological innovations and disaster relief more systematically. It is an opportunity to change this current global economic and political order. Need to address global imbalances by creating a new global currency, should be widely accepted at international level along with credible insurance mechanisms for countries that forego reserve accumulation and stimulate domestic expansion, along three possible lines: more central bank swap lines; reserve pooling; and a major expansion of IMF resources, together with IMF emphasis on a large, flexible, fast-disbursing facility that would come with little or no conditionality to countries that are adversely affected by global shocks. Accelerate the development of financial systems in emerging markets, in particular local currency bond markets and foreign currency hedging instruments. Promote regional cooperation in the design of common institutional standards for financial market development and work to lift barriers to cross-border asset trade within regions would be helpful to avoid any further economic crisis in future.