The Accuracy of Weather Prediction Essay -- Meteorology

The purpose of this paper is to explain the advances being do in technology and algorithms in helping advance the accuracy of forecasting. It go out rail line the forecasting methods of several decades ago with forecasting methods in hold today. In discussing how errors can accumulate over time and providing simple numerical formulas as examples, this paper intends to show how the repetition of minor errors can prompt the accuracy of withstand predictions. IntroductionBack in the days of doubting Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, weather observations were recorded daily but not hourly or by the minute. Such repetition of data didnt seem subprogramful. after the telegraph was invented which enabled information about weather data to be genetic across the country, they still reported only once a day. In contrast to todays virtual world of weather, making 24/7 use of climate data from satellites, buoys in the oceans, the ability to record worldwide temperatures, worldwide rainfall records, track wind speeds, pressure pulses of solar wind, carbon dioxide levels, tornadoes and hurricanes...etc (Harris, 2012).An earlyish pioneer of meteorology was Vilhelm Bjerknes, and his son Jacob, who described the lifecycle of the extratropical cyclone and shared his ideas for scientific weather forecasting. Bjerknes was disappointed over the unscientific methods of meteorology at the time, which, in contrast was making precise predictions in astronomy and meteorology as he felt, was at a standstill. His goal was to introduce scientific concepts to meteorology. According to Bjerknes, the ii main ingredients in weather forecasting was knowledge of the atmosphere and complete knowledge of the physical laws that govern it. Bjerknes identified pressu... ...Went Wrong?.ncep.noaa.gov/nwp50/Presentations. Retrieved February 19, 2012, from www.ncep.noaa.gov/nwp50/PresentationNOAA acres System Research Laboratory. (n.d.). NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http//www.esrl.noaa.gov/Vanorsow. (2010, July 17). The Teaching political party User Community View topic - 23. Prediction and Predictability. The Teaching caller-out User Community Index. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http//teachingcompany.12.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=3034 Weather frameworking and Prediction. (2011, May 16). NOAAs placement of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http//www.oar.noaa.gov/weather/t_modeling.htmlThe Weather Research&Forecasting Model Website. (n.d.). The Weather Research&Forecasting Model Website. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http//wrf-model.org/index.php

Oscar Wilde and the Aestheticism Movement Essay

The dodges in accession to crafts motility was the main clause of reform purpose in the nineteenth coke that describes the period of its greatest advancement, roughly between 1870 and 1920 (Campbell, 2006). The dickens study stylistic advancements of this movements philosophy are the aesthetic attempt and Art Nouveau. Aesthetic course of the 19th century, according to Lambourne, (1996) is a movement that existed in the 1870s to 1880s, which make itself noniceable through the fine in entree to decorative artistic creations and architecture in both(prenominal) Britain and the United States. Its specify in Europe was so great that it is had to describe.In response to what was compreh block as evidence of philistinism in art and design, it was typified by the furor of bag and as advantageously an emphasis on the sheer rack to de obtained from it (Lambourne, 1996). Championing of the artistic movement was done by the writers and critics Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Walter Patel (1839-94), and Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) (Campbell, 2006). These artists in conjunction with craftsmen of artistic movement sought to lift up the form of furniture, ceramics, wall papers, books, glass, cloth and metalwork to the level of fine art.They tended to hold that Arts should offer purified princely pleasure instead of conveying moral over-romantic messages. He was concerned with the reach of moralizing on art as a result of his shot of art as a separate form of support (Gere and Hoskins, 2000). Wilde, in particular, did not agree to Ruskin and Arnolds utilitarian view of art as something moral or helpful. He believed that art did not play educational role it only needed to make beautiful statements. He argued that beauty is the only thing that cannot harm (Raby, 1988).Just like other aesthetes, Wilde denied the genial value of literature and art. Wilde utter that the most weighty things in demeanor are autonomy from moral fetters as well as the limitatio ns of confederation (McDermott, 2007). Wilde was deeply concerned with the soul of man. This made him to constantly complain nigh poverty in is his work. Wilde, as McDermott, (2007) asserts, argued that the life of an artist is more important than any form of art that he/she develops He also storied that life itself is an art and that true artists present their lives as their finest productions (Raby, 1988).Wilde had used esthetic decorations throughout his youth. He had devoted so evidently and uncompromisingly to living his art. He considered his own life as a form of art (Raby, 1988). Wilde together with other aesthetes established the cult of beauty, which they regarded as the principle factor in art. They took nature as rough and deficient in design when compared to art. They adopted the principle of art for arts sake and established art over everything else. Wilde, as Raby (1988) argues, set out to widen this principle to that of life for the sake of art.In oxford as ind icated by Campbell (2006), Wilde astonished the religious dons with his contradictory approach towards religion. He was also heckled at his weird clothes. The use of peacock butterfly feathers in addition to blue and white china typified the aesthetic interiors. Wilde gather blue China as well as peacock feathers, which he decorated his room with and later on his velvet knee-breeches which attracted much attention. Wilde worked as a reviewer of art and conducted lecturers in the U.S and Canada (Raby, 1988). He had a luxurious taste for everything and, later(prenominal) conducting a serial popularation of lectures his listeners changed to a unseasoned set of standards for designing their homes (Lambourne, 1996). The amalgamation of Wildes exposure through the illustrious media in addition to the wealth of specialist furnishing as well as beautifying manuals assisted in simulating the public in the novel style. Manufacturers were also immediate to take up the new trends in deco rative styles (McDermott, 2007).Wilde created a series of discussions as well as essays that advanced his view on the command of art. His views concerning art were basically chatty and positive. Wilde published lyrics along with poems in magazines from the age when he entered college. He included serious articles on parenting, politics and finishing to his dialogues of spurt and arts. Wilde typified, through his own words, the response against the rudimentary primaries of a doubtlessly more re personateable but definitely less cultivated era (McDermott, 2007).Most of Wildes work conformed to aesthetic principles. It revealed an over balance of oddness in both subject and styles, and a response to the restriction of outwards practical things (Gere and Hoskins, 2000). Philosophy of Esthetic Movement, as stated by Lambourne, (1996) was fete to the United States by William Morris. Wilde, as stated by Raby (1988), made a lecture tour of the United States in 1882. Despite the fact that he satirized for his effeteness and pomposity he increased awareness of the Aesthetic Movement.The highest profile flesh of Aesthetic Movement was Oscar Wilde he gave approval to himself as the center of an aesthetic insure that was to some extent exaggerated, absolutely exclusive as well as completely dedicated to the pursuit of art and beauty (Raby, 1988). Wilde was the spokesman for Aesthetic Movement through his excellent humor and conscious posing. He made himself a convenient vehicle through which the Aesthetic Movement was extensively advertised (Campbell, 2006). Wilde had an unwavering faith in his mission.He clearly stated that he had no fears regarding the future (Raby, 1988). Gere and Hoskins (2000) states that through Wildes presentation, aestheticism developed to a cult of artificiality. The popular plays produced by Wilde, according to Spektor (2009), were comedies of conduct that were closer to rejoinder comedies than the Victorian plays. Until the time he was tried Wilde carried the Aesthetic Movement as an excellent performance piece, an approach that was supported by the British society, payable to the fact that he never seemed to take himself too seriously.Wilde the aesthete introduced an experience for continental values and finally what Victorian society basically held to be continental profligacy (Raby, 1988). Much early criticism of aestheticism summed up the pompous Victorian move of calling Aesthetic Movement dissolute both for its stress on art as an unethical venture and for its inflections of oddity (Spektor, 2009). Contemporary critics have tried to contextualize the aesthetic movement by considering literary, mixer, as well as artistic movements that resulted in aesthesis along with those that were later influenced by it.In the process, they have a propensity of primarily looking at its representations of sexuality and gender instead of on the form and qualities of the art chthonic discussion. Paradoxically, the neo criticism almost at all times put both art as well as homosexuality stand into the Victorian culture. This explains how cultural stance of aestheticism and its approaches about sexuality and gender were fit(p) by the principles of the larger Victorian society (McDermott, 2007).Lambourne (1996) states that Wilde became one of the most celebrated playwrights of the late Victorian phase in Britain with a series of social satires. Wilde claimed to have interpreted a firm position in emblematical relation to the art and culture of the 19th century. Actually he manifested the decision of the novel sensibility which surfaced through the second half of the 19th century (Lambourne, 1996). Without Wilde the Aesthetic Movement of the 1880s and the Decadent Movement of the 1890s would not have been as famous as they came to be (Gere and Hoskins, 2000). Wildes in-person life was subject to rumors.His years of success came to a dramatic end when his close relationship with Alfred Douglas re sulted in his trial on charges of homosexuality which was by then illegal in Britain (Lambourne, 1996). Lambourne (1996) states that after being sentenced to a two year term imprisonment for homosexual activities, the period of British fashion history was successfully brought to an end until the revival of the male dandy after the Second World War It was until Waldes trial that aestheticism, effeminacy and homosexuality came to be recognized as inextricably connected categories (Spektor, 2009).The trial of Wilde cemented an already developing link between effeminacy and homosexuality. Before the trials, aesthetes were infamous because of their effeminacy. However, it was taken as a product of the complex, upper-class standard of living they professed. queerness was an issue alluded to in their work, but it was not evidently linked to effeminacy. It was after this trial that the radical type of the effete, effeminate and homosexuals became easily distinguishable to the public at lar ge. Waldes influence remains strongly in modern male fashion (Spektor, 2009).ReferenceCampbell G. , (2006), The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts, ISBN 0195189485 Oxford University shift US Gere C. , and Hoskins L. , (2000). The house beautiful Oscar Wilde and the aesthetic interior, ISBN 0853318182 Lund Humphries Lambourne L. , (1996), The Aesthetic Movement, ISBN 0714830003 Phaidon McDermott C. , (2007), Design the signalise concepts, ISBN 041532016X Routledge Raby P. , (1988), Oscar Wilde, ISBN 0521260787 CUP Archive Spektor N. , (2009), The Picture of Dorian Gray and the Aesthetic Movement in England at the Turn of the Century, ISBN 3640319567 GRIN Verlag

Friendship and Facebook Essay

Facebook started out as a sincere neighborly networking site, and has now grown to be one of the biggest companies in the world. champion would typic bothy join the site to be social with others, but it seems homogeneous it is almost distancing pile from one a nonher. Facebook users tend to cave in hundreds of friends, but how legion(predicate) of those fanny rattling be considered real friends? The meaning of friendship seems to be forgotten when it comes to Facebook. Facebook is affecting friendship in society today because plurality use it also very much, have too umpteen friends, and do non put as much effort in to their real biography history friends.The idea of Facebook seems standardized it would be a great way to save social relationships, but because people are using it so much it is really isolating them more than anything. If Facebook was used in moderation, it would probably crop people a lot closer than it does now. Many of the millions of people that have a Facebook tend to check their page multiple eons a day. It has snuff it a new addiction for people, and for some, a very beneficial addiction. Many people today apprise draw countless hours accessing the site, hitherto when they are out in public When out in a social situation, take a human face around the room and watch how many people are glued to their phones.Its absolutely absurd. beforehand the use of smartphones and Facebook, people actually socialized with one a nonher when they were together. in a flash it seems like people are allow it take over their lives, and not looking around to see whats going on beneficial in front of them in the real world. Friends dont spend as much quantify together because they are too crabbed tagging each other, or looking at the others comments or pictures. If people used Facebook less, it would have a more positive answer on friendship.Most people in the world do not have hundreds or even thousands of friends, but on Faceb ook that is the norm. It has almost become like a popularity contest to see how many friends one freighter acquire. The more people one becomes friends with the harder it is to stay in touch with all of them. By having all of these friends, it seems like people arent focusing on what it means to really be a true friend. Junghyun Kim and Jong-Eun Roselyn Lee did a study on the effects of the number of Facebook friends one has Having too many Facebook friends, on the other hand, will not necessarily increase social support one can receive, for most of the friendships whitethorn be piddling at best.It takes much sentence and effort to build and maintain reciprocal companionship with friends. Given the average number of close offline friends is only nine, it is not surprising that Facebook users maintain close connections with less than 3% of their Facebook friends. It is likely that the bigger ones Facebook network becomes, the less time and effort can be invested in each individua l (Kim and Lee).People shouldnt name to Facebook friends as friends, because most of the time those people arent true friends. A friend is someone who is always there, and is an important person in life that is trustworthy. It seems like people today are more focused on commenting on someones post, kind of than actually taking the time to spend time with them. People need to take the time to agnise who their true friends are, and try to make sure they stay close with them. Facebook actually has a maximum number of friends one can have at a time. Amy Dempsey stated Holding on to old friendships via Facebook may foreclose us from forming new connections in the real world (Dempsey).Amy later goes on to quote Oxford University professor Robin Dunbar, According to Facebook, the reason for the 5,000-friend cap is that anything beyond that can make it too difficult to maintain an environment where you can stay engaged with your friends in a meaningful way(Dunbar). It seems like the qua lity of friendship is diminishing in this society. People do not have the time to keep in touch with hundreds of people and actually have a close relationship with all of them. It shouldnt exit how many friends one has, the quality of the friendship is much more important. Since people are using this site so much, their important relationships are suffering.Facebook may seem like it is bringing friends closer together, but it is actually save doing the opposite of that. Facebook is becoming detrimental to friendships because people are using it too much, are acquiring too many friends, and therefore are letting it affect their meaningful friendships. Life is so short, and people should take the time to appreciate their true friends who are right in front of them, rather than to try to keep in touch with people that they may barely even know. If Facebook keeps on growing and continuing the way that it is, it does not look too good for meaningful friendships. It really is simple, s pend more time with friends and less time on Facebook.Work CitedDempsey, Amy. Toronto, Star. 5000 Maximum go of Friends Allowed on Facebook 1578Number of Crystal Kapteyns Facebook Friends150 Meaningful Friendships Humans CanHandle15 Number if Bestfriends5 Intimate Friends. Toronto Star (Canada) n.d.Newspaper Source. Web. 6 December 2012.Junghyun, Kim, and Lee Jong-Eun Roselyn. The Facebook Paths To delight Effects of theNumber of Facbook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-being.Cyberpyschology, Behavior & well-disposed Networking 14.6 (2011) 359-364. Academic SearchPremier. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.

Biomimetics

Plastics atomic number 18 any of a group of synthetical or vivid organic materials that may be shaped when loony and then hardened. Also, tensiles are used by people for their conveniences particularly for carrying things. What is tractile waste reduction? Plastic waste reduction is the shape of reducing or eliminating plastic use so that the potential for plastic to be used inefficiently or disposed is prevented in the firstborn place. Prevention is the most environmentally preferable means to reduce plastic waste. Advantages of plastic waste reduction Environment Recycling helps to limit the numerate of money of glass, paper and plastic that must be produced.This will end with less(prenominal) garbage in landfills because its being reused. Slows the consuming of natural resources. You reduce the amount of money of resources needed to make the same item compared to making it without recycling It saves natural resources as it takes less energy to make something with cyc led material rather something in the buff By saving energy you are cutting down the amount of CO2 being added to the greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere. So you are slowing down global warming. saving Adds jobs to the economyPromotes scientific advancements in recyclable and biodegradable materials Makes governments and businesses choose programs and apply policies in consideration of preserving and respecting the environment. residential area Makes people environmentally aware You can get money for what you recycle Disadvantages of plastic waste reduction Pollution Due to the recycling do work there are still chemicals thrown throughout lands and bodies of water that causes pollution. Economy Government would provide subsidy to the recycling plants People People are would suffer illness due to the recycling process. People are non used to use other alternative for plastics.

Islam †Annotated Essay Essay

The article explains the way Islam views life later shoemakers last. It clearly describes the various tenets that this religious belief follows when it comes to life on earth and life after death. Islam believes that life on earth has no purpose except to prepare oneself for life after death. The life after death typically consists of three classs Death, the intermediate and the point of resurrection. Death is considered to be the first gateway to reach the Garden or Fire. Importance of the custom of singing various verses at the time of death and till the body is buried and the custom of proper ablutions before sepulture is given due space.The second phase is the roughly controversial phase for which lot of explanations exist. This is the period when the soul is separated from the body but is non yet resurrected. What the soul does in this in-between phase has many theories, most common being, the souls embarks on a journey similar to the journey make by Prophet Muhammad wh ere He was taken through the seven layers of promised land and made to look down at the tortures of hell. An some other commonly authentic theory is the visit of angels Munkar and Nakil, who question the souls round the Quranic verses and their faith.The third phase, that is, the day of Resurrection is believed to be quite spectacular with the remnant of the whole world and the souls entering all the garden or the fire according to their virtues. It is also believed that after resurrection and the destruction of the whole mankind, a rude(a) age will begin and arbitrator and righteousness will return to the earth again with a new leader. The idea of punishments or rewards after death, like the author mentioned, do wait having lot of physical attributes. All that has been mentioned seems a bit too hammy like the tree in hell, Zaqqam which has demons as flowersIt seems, to capture a proper picture of the horror of hell, physical attributes like fire, demons, swords, etc. have been used. This would in all probability make humans understand better the tortures that they are to undergo if they do not live a life of righteousness. The editors keep an eye on also drafts about the various contributions Islam as a godliness has made to the world like ban on liquor, gambling and other vices. It also mentions the equality that Muslim women are credenceed with in the religion. However, in this present world, they seem to be the most bounded ones. The images of burqa-clad women with no liberty tell quite a different story.The religion, which has beautiful and just tenets to its credit like equal property rights to women, no race and color discrimination, seems to be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the religious heads and the followers for short term benefits. Because of such acts, Islam today is demonized and its contributions to the society are being passed unnoticed. Finally, the article was a world-wide note of the beliefs in Islam regarding death an d after and gave a very brief yet informative idea about the various customs and views on important aspects like fate of non-believers and reincarnation. It did make me a lot wiser about this religion

Happy people make people happy Essay

Like yawning, many y turn outhful studies have proved that laughter is contagious. Does this necessarily imply that when you smiling to a complete stranger, he exit smile back to you? Or on the other hand, when you lower at a complete stranger, he testament frown at you as well? To find out the answer, we designed an experiment to test forget happy muckle make the great unwashed happy.In parasitical variables ar the factors we manipulated. There are two independent variables in this test. The first one is our emotion conditions when having eye contact with the strangers, i.e. smile condition, frown condition and control condition. We define smile condition as mirthful without teeth, frown condition as knitting our brows, and control condition as having a neutral facial reflexion. The split second one is sexual urge. To understand if gender matching matters, we will test the three conditions with strangers with the same gender and the arctic gender.Dependent variables are the variables being tested in the experiment. In this test, the dependent variables are the responses from the participants. We will rate their responded expression in 5 categories pass frown, small frown, neutral, small smile, and clear smile.However, there are confounding factors that whitethorn affect the results of the experiment. Confounds are the extraneous variables in an experimental design that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables. Possible confound is the original facial expression of participants. Randomly choosing participants is a way to prevent confounds. To further eliminate confounds, we will choose complete strangers as participants and will non tell them well-nigh our test beforehand as they may confound the result by giving us what they believe we want to see. The last thing we do is to execute this test in a consistent way. We have inflexible control over our facial expression to make sure that our expressions will not defer a lot amo ng participants.This is not a straightforward test as what we originally consider. The first obstacle we encounter is not having enough confidence to frown at state. It is not difficult to smile at strangers, but frowning at strangers is somewhat weird that we hesitate for a long time before having confidence to complete the test. The second obstacle we encounter is there are possible biases in choosing participants. For example, we be to choose participants with the same race or at similar ages with us. This may create possible confounding factors to the test. The last obstacle we encounter is decision suitable participants. Since we want to choose participants that are walking alone and not distracted by phones or music, surprisingly there are alone a few can be found around campus. It takes us quite a lot of effort and time in finding suitable participants for the test.Before conducting the test, we state our hypothesis as when we smile to commonwealth, people will smi le back to us whereas when we frown at people, people will frown at us as well. We come out with this hypothesis because we believe ones emotion can influence others, that is when there are optimistic and happy people in a group, other members in the group will become happy more easily whereas when people in a group are generally in a pessimistic and unhappy mood, other members in the group will be influenced and become unhappy as well.

Mass Customization Strategy in Global Supply

Master of International Business Administproportionn 12 crowd together Customization International bring out Chain Management Yuliya Samokhina, Olga Baranova, Yuliya Pronkina, horse parsley Manzhosov Content The base imaginations of mint trickdy customization. Principles and goals. (by Yulia Samokhina) Introduction3 bunch Customization of import renderings3 Evolution of plurality customization 4 Mass customization strategies proceedss and disadvantages.. 4 Mass customization as a bidding6 Conclusion8 detention strategies (by Olga Baranova) What is postp championment? clutch typology found on evaluate string activity9 Benefits of consumption clasp agreement13 Critical victor crestors and ideal grassdidate for handle dodging14 standard concepts (by Yulia Pronkina) Definition of modules in the frame urinate of global all toldow for drawstring get it onment15 Types of standardity18 Benefits and d stark(a)backs of modularity. Requirements for significati on of the concept modularity19 modularization in self-propelling persistence (Volkswagens modular outline) 21 Sh bed plan strategies (by Alexander Manzhosov) Introduction23 Platform concept 24 The reasons of implementing computer programmes25Advantages and disadvantages of implementing dual-lane plan strategies26 Sh bed program strategies 28 Volkswagen class. MQB outline 29 Conclusion29 References The staple fiber concepts of kettle of fish customization. Principles and goals. By Yuliya Samokhina Introduction To side material day, citizenry live in the existenceness with developing technologies, where e precise genius requirements to be distinguished. Companies compete with other similar firms, because they extremity to withd new(a) customers as much as mathematical. Mass customization tail end satisfy customers ask to help them buy harvest-festivals with film characteristics.Previously, caboodle doing schemes rumpt be sufficient for manufacturer and cons umers. However, bundle customization decided this problem to ca-ca comfort open conditions for all to provide various(prenominal) forceing. For font, nowadays retailers dont want to nurse more than than collections per season, further they want to possess more styles within the season. Companies micturate new lines of c handlehes to their shops every four to 6 weeks. H&M and Zara have emergenced overlap to use computer technology. Zara uses data from its 426 stores to spot new trends, and swirls 10,000 new returns a year.TopShop sells as galore(postnominal) as 30 pairs of knickers a minute, 6,000 pairs of jeans a day and 35,000 pairs of shoes every week. Why it occurs? The answer is very simple(a) tack on kitchen stove in bay window customization business model has to be flexible and antiphonary to consumer postulate. Main issues ordain be haveed in the endeavor below. Mass Customization primary(prenominal) comments Usually, mass customization requi res very advanced and flexible ne 2rk, because the sea captain purpose of mass customization is adapting unrivalled-to-one. at one time, everyone terminate sword harvest-tides by themselves.Here, I want to draw more triple-cr decl ar definitions of Mass Customization Mass customization is non a pure hardly a hybrid manufacturing concept, which joins the efficacy of trading operations and distinction by providing toweringly value matched cross counselings. Mass customization refers to a customer co- convention do of outputs and service, which meet the ask of to each one individual customer with regard to definite harvest- while features. All operations argon bring to give wayed within a placed solution space, characterized by stable but still flexible and responsive appendagees. As a turn up, the apostrophizes associated with customization allow for a rice level that does non imply a switch in an upper commercialise segment. (Piller 2005c, p. 315 empha sis in original). and then, now each buyer shtup acquire any nices, but the price for it go out be graduate(prenominal). Comm completely, it isnt problem, because each person wants to be allocated from crowd. For instance, if two girls watch in school-leaving caller in one dress, it provide be catastrophe for them. Fortunately, our generation has got a lot of articles with topic mass customization, and hence we washbowl consider mass customization from antithetical foreshortenings. Evolution of mass customizationFirst, I moot it is necessary to soon describe the training of mass harvest-timeion to mass customization. Mass customization has been one of the causes of the economic growth in the 21st century. Below, you brush off see founding, which shows organic evolution of mass customization Fig 1 Evolution of mass customization1 The premier(prenominal) masteryion our civilization has faced with mass customization in pre-industrialization era. In spite of this fact, at present we in any carapace have started to develop it. Of course, these clippings be very contrasting, because today people use modern technologies.Between these periods we quite a little observe mass outturn, which come in vogue with fundamental advantage of miserliness of carapace and it was nib in mid century. For example, it was time of Soviet Union, and then companies aroused a lot of similar clothes, shoes and etc. In late twentieth century, mass customization was back. Manufacturers offer distinct variation of products and customization is realizable. Methods of application will examine in the side by side(p) portion. Mass customization strategies advantages and disadvantages It is very important to take how the mass customization picturet in practice.Generally, scientists mark out four strategies transp argonnt, augmentative, adaptive and collaborative. A close to words virtually each system * Cosmetic scheme companies produce a standard p roduct but present it variantly to different customers. Thereby customers satisfied with the product, and if they want, they drive out permute packaging, for instance, the color, accessories, and other customer personalities. * sheer strategy this strategy is apply by companies, which have specially acquaintance of desires and preferences of customers. For transp arnt strategy is actual E-business.For example, service in website freighter analyses purchases, then it great deal recommend nearlything based on previous purchases. * Adaptive strategy producers try to modify standard product for the trains of customers. Thus, companies try to plan and represent of almost all practicable combinations of product modules, the likes of Microsoft. so most re primary(prenominal)s buy software, he/she can add necessary functions. * collaborative strategy in this content companies dont know what customers in conclusion want. Companies have to go out require of customers and hel p to determine with necessary product, as in result to name its.It is very often, then strategy depends on industry in that location friendship worked. For example, companies which produce food and beverages use cosmetic and transparent strategies. In my opinion, manufacturers have to estimate their possibilities if they want have correctly net. Why are companies interested in mass customization? The answer to this inquire is presented in the benefits of the above strategies * Maximized market share by maximizing customers expiation and physical body of customers. * Cut live of schedule and material waste drudgery has to work as a just in time.Companies should avoid macroscopical inventories of absolute goods. * Increase cash flow get inventories, pre constitutement (thus inflict receivables) en boastful cash flow. * Shorten time of responsiveness (accumulative time from receiving orders to shifting) governing orchestrate and flexible manufacturing in mass custo mization allows the party to adapt to different brings rapidly. * exponent to write out a full line of products or service with frown be the purpose of mass customization is to differentiate products to sidetrackicular demands, resulting in broader product lines of the political party and a much get off attempt of obsolete muniment.It is obvious, that companies cant have exactly positive sides. It is important to understand, which problems may near 1. In mass customization termss are normally greater than in mass production. In or so cases the product may not be different from standard product, but the price will be higher(prenominal). Buyers will be unhappy, thus mass customization is in competent. 2. Increasing of tuition in the production of individual goods could exceed to monetary value. In this case the prob powerfulness of production of regretful goods rises. 3. Requirements for pursueees should be higher. Educated employees have to offer the optimal vari ant responding to the ustomers needs, otherwise, caller-up can lose the loyalty of customers. 4. The production puzzle out can have difficulties with flexibleness. Mass customization as a process I think that it is very important to know how the customization process can be share into many sub-processes including the main stages of the value cosmic string. Moreover, it can help us to understand mass customization in details. First, I want to enumerate all sub-processes and inform at greater length. * The training sub-process * The interaction sub-process * The buy sub-process * The production sub-process * The logistics sub-process The entropy sub-process. 1. The ripening sub-process. The product always should develop, if corporation wants that the mass customization will be victorful. Requirements of buyers will be satisfied and personifys of production will be squeezed. The modularity is quite impelling stopping point as it allows achieving the economy of case and economy of backcloth. On the other hand, the modularity can be simple for imitation by competitors and growth is more expensive. Other strategy, much(prenominal) as a greenality and weapons course of study strategies help to work to the companies to increase reus mightiness in mass customization.Thus, product development in the mass customization is carried out through conception takes. very high effect is reached, when the client participates in development of products himself. Companies should use customers sophisticated abilities. 2. The interaction sub-process. This process is besides elicitation process. Thus, customer has to find the product that exactly fulfills his requirements. Company has to understand that everyone wants. Usually, to identify four types of elicitation process identification (e. g. name and address), customers selections from menus of alternatives, physical measurements and reactions to prototypes.Usually, customers buy products in the Internet (in different Internet-shops) or go to the retail center and to a fault buy necessary thing. Today, it is very apace and tardily to use Internet. For example, Adidas offers to buy sneakers in their web-site, in that location everyone can create cause style. The interaction process is associated with electronic features. another(prenominal) important thing that in mass customization consumers are actively snarly in production process. It is normal then customers are often cal take coproducers or prosumers. 3. The buying sub-process. Suppliers in mass customization are the very important part in reduce bes.Companies with good providers have got really warring advantage. It is fact that the achievement of high profits lies in an effective and contourd lot and material purchasing. Outsourcing strategies have been formed due to the modular architectures. The modular sourcing applies to reduce difficulty in purchasing process. In this case, companies have to trust each other and closely cooperate, if they want to achieve incredible results. 4. The production sub-process. Companies should guidance on the economic order quantity (EOQ). Thus, the processes of production in mass customization should be minimized.The optimization of the production is the main task in the process. If a company wants to meet all the needs of customers, the production must be flexible. Companies need to understand then they want to make individual product, I repute, at what stage. Producers have got two important key basis detain product differentiation and deferment. They are two think concepts, whereby the means placing the decoupling brain at later stages in the production processes. Another one describes that twain(prenominal) production activities are not initiated until customer order arrives. 5.The logistics sub-process. This process includes work with clients and suppliers, plus accompanying. Usually, it call equipment casualty upstream and downstream. Upstre am logistic is transportation, memory of materials and cistrons for production and consolidation. The downstream logistics is the packaging and shipment of end products to customers. Unfortunately, these types of logistics face flagitious problems in mass customization, because be of individualization increase. The all logistic has very heavy bells. Companies spend a lot of money for transportation and warehousing equipment.It is a reason wherefore these companies use outsourcing. Mass customization doesnt have inventories of end product. The companies try to work individually with each person. Nobody wants to gibe another. 6. Information sub-process. This process cooperates with all processes described above. The purpose of the data sub-process is the providing of information stream. The effective information system should capture fol lower berths stages customers needs, develop a magnetic inclination of product requirements, determine manufacturing conditions with respe ct to routing, material processing, assemblage and etc.Radio frequence Identification can help to make identification. In spite of the fact that modern technologies are very effectual, it remains very expensive. Another useful method for the coordination in mass customization is Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI). Any supplier has got timely information somewhat stock levels of modules and components. In addition, the integration of ERP (Enterprise election Planning) helps to correct the agility and adaptability to unforeseen events. The mass customization will make profit if the software is constantly developed and updated.Finally, companies should work with a walloping number of data very accurately. I try to consider mass customization not only as one whole process, but separate sub-processes. It helps to understand the nature of mass customization. However, I should mention interrelated strategies much(prenominal) as cargo hold and modularization, because unremarkably the se strategies allow the companies to work successfully. In my essay I will give short concepts of strategy as below in this work other students will describe them in details. modularization is necessary for the success of mass customization where descend-up make ups are circumstantial.Also, modularization allows making rapid assembly and be efficiency. Modularization usually uses in this field such as computer science, construction, shape engineering and production. The main idea in modularization is the breaking down of the product into standardized components or assembly of components, which is called modules. The second strategy is postponement Postponement means delaying activities in the add drawing string until customer orders are true with the intention of customizing products, as opposed to executeing those activities in anticipation of succeeding(a) orders. These strategies are quite often apply.Every year, the mass customization will be more popular in the com panies. Conclusion of this part In this essay, I consider the most important aspects of mass customization. First, it was given the basic concepts of mass customization. I tried to examine the most important definitions and to explain the essence of mass customization. After that, I described a little history from mass production to mass customization. History has shown that the mass customization has already been applied to date. Now companies are using modern technology, so the result of up-to-date mass customization is different.Companies produce products more quickly than ever earlier. Information technology is use in all stages of production, which helps companies to satisfy consumer preferences. Also, I examined mass customization not only as a single process, but also to separate the process in parts, included development, interaction, purchasing, production, logistic and information sub-processes. Each sub-process has to be adjust in order to avoid stagnation in the produc tion and file ware holds. In the essay, I also mentioned the main advantages and frequently used strategies.The company chooses the strategy which it thinks it is the most appropriate strategy. Usually, the strategy depends on the industry in which the company operates. In my opinion, the mass customization is developing and is very useful for manufacturers and consumers. First, customers are satisfied with goods with necessary characteristics. Second, company in the event of mass customization has lower costs compared to if it was make for each customer a impartly comical product. Finally, I want to emphasize that the mass customization has both advantages and disadvantages. The company has to make a choice itself.Postponement strategies By Olga Baranova What is postponement? Effective management of a supply chain includes thinking creatively about how to integrate and perform logistics and manufacturing activities. Postponement strategy offer opportunities to achieve delivery of products in a timely and cost-effective manner by rearranging the conventional production and logistics complex body parts, which are often excogitationed and managed autonomously. Thus, postponement, also known as delayed differentiation, is a supply chain strategy that delays product differentiation at a point close together(predicate) to the customer.This involves designing and developing standard or generic configurable products that can be customized quickly and inexpensively once actual consumer demand is known. Postponement also entails the executing of specific stock list strategies to deploy memorial farther away from the customer slice fulfilling service level objectives and reducing entry costs and minimizing riskiness, strategies for keeping the right inventory, at the right place, in the right form. By pushing the point of product differentiation closer to the customer, postponement can improve customer service levels, reduce inventory costs, and increase top -line revenue.The postponement strategy is based on the following two basic article of faiths of demand forecasting 1. Theaccuracy of the forecastdemand decreases with an increase in the time horizon. The farther the time window for which the demand is being forecasted, the more inaccurate it will be. The figure graphically represents this effect as a funnel as time ex scarpers farther into the future, the forecast illusion grows, showing that the forecast demand will have big and larger variations as time periods progress into the future. 2.Demand projections for a product group are generally more accurate than projections for individual products. It is much easier to forecast the total demand for LCD TVs than it is for an individual TV of a specific brand, model, silver screen size, resolution, and color contrast ratio. Postponement typology based on value chain activity It is based on the review of 15 studies Table 1 was developed to summarize the terminologies used to go do wn different postponement types. These define postponement on the basis of activities or place to differentiate among different postponement types.The check marks in front of every learning indicate the postponement terminology used for that study. The following section (table 1) summarizes these terminologies under product development, purchasing, manufacturing and logistics postponement. Table 1 Summary of postponement terminologies based on the review of studies crossroad Development Postponement Strategy Product development postponement is considered extreme form of customization with all activities including product design taking place after the placement of an order.Moreover in this case, the customers are also involved during the design stage. Product development postponement strategy is preferred in highly volatile purlieus, involving high levels of un authoritativety in terms of consumer demands, technological developments and government regulations. 2 For instance To yota deals with the high levels of doubtfulness by letting their suppliers come up with novel ideas and designs without limiting them with strict specification constraints. The suppliers have total independence to explore different areas within a broad range of design specs.During that time, people at Toyota continue meeting market data on consumer demands and technological trends, till some convergence is achieved. 3 Purchasing Postponement Strategy In the case of purchasing postponement strategy, the purchasing of raw materials is postponed until the information on downstream demand becomes available. Purchasing postponement strategy is preferred when the demand is highly un trustworthy, raw material has high obsolescence cost and is of high value in terms of total product cost or ties up huge fall of working capital.Purchasing postponement would work when the market lead time is greater than the manufacturers production lead time plus the suppliers lead time. 3 However, if the market lead time constraints the manufacturer from applying purchasing postponement, it can be select selectively for a range of products. This would be possible if the company is able to differentiate amongst base demand and soar up demand. For base demand it can proceed with forecasted demand and purchase raw material or even proceed with production in case of considerableer production lead times. However for thrill emand, the company can wait till demand exemplar becomes available and then it can proceed to place orders. In order to manage supplies for the mint demand, the manufacturers can have separate design of supply chain to deal with the surge demand, since under most scenarios regular production lead time for the surge demand would be greater than the market lead time. This design would be based on speed and agility with way on fulfilling orders quickly rather than focusing lower cost by rophyting up dissolute production lines and purchasing raw materials from a different rope of suppliers.However this would be feasible when the increase in cost due to fast paced production would be less(prenominal) than the gains accrued by adopting purchasing postponement strategy. This fact is highlighted by the postponement strategy adopted by Benetton, an vesture manufacturer, which separates between base demand and unpredictable demand. For the base demand, Benetton subcontracts to low cost sources, which have higher lead times, while for the unpredictable part, they utilize their own flexible facilities which have higher operating costs.However for purchasing postponement to work, it is check offling to have high level of coaction between the manufacturers and the suppliers. Suppliers are involve to respond to the downstream demand in minimum possible time so that the manufacturers can deliver within the market lead times, while resorting to purchasing postponement. In recent times e- market places have sprung up, alter the manufacturers to g et linked with the suppliers without any geographical constraints3. This increases the options of the manufacturers to respond to actual demand.However, having suppliers or their stock centers in close proximity to the manufacturers would lose purchasing postponement strategy. Moreover this type of impulse buying contradicts the approach of developing semipermanent relationships with the suppliers and could also jeopardize the relationships with the alive suppliers. From a supply chain perspective, purchasing postponement involves shifting the ownership of the goods to the most suitable location. However in case of an imbalanced power structure, a manufacturer might index its suppliers to hold perfect goods inventories in order to reduce its own risk and uncertainty cost.In this situation the suppliers are left with speculating the downstream demand, often resulting in the general inventory buildup or Bullwhip effect in the supply chain, which reduces the efficiency of the en t ucker chain. 3 Manufacturing Postponement Strategy Manufacturing postponement is based on holding products at program level later to be customized as per demand bod. This is based on the principle that it is easier to forecast demand pattern at component level as compared to finished product stage3.It involves delaying manufacturing activities and holding inventory in neutral form till the demand pattern becomes visible. Thus this strategy works where at that place are multiple product derivatives, which could be due to different cultural, technological or market related issues. High product variation makes it difficult to forecast and hold inventory at finished stage. Manufacturing postponement allows companies to operate without holding finished goods inventory while maintaining bulk of their inventories at pre-customized form.The inventory at this level has lower risk attached to it because their raw state permits them for wide usage variations. 4 For example, fashion apparel retail business is marked by high product obsolescence costs. This is because of the fact that product are planned long before the actual demand information becomes visible. Zara on the other hand has been able to capture market trends by reducing the time required to realise new products. Among other steps, Zara uses manufacturing postponement to reduce its lead times.Zara concentrates its forecasting efforts on the kind 14and tot up of fabric it buys. Zara gains more speed and tractableness by purchasing more than 50% of its fabric un-dyed later to be used for mingled products and lines ( political program based). It reduces the cost as well as the chances of forecast errors. In un-dyed form it is easier to convert fabric to other uses, while it gives Zara the flexibility to adapt to colors close to the selling season based on the immediate market needs. 5 Assembly postponement StrategyThe computer industry selling customizable product especially through the internet practice assembly postponement strategy. The customers select from various options such as color, memory specs, processors, and the companies such as Dell, HP and Compaq assemble the required models from components received from the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). HP postpones the net assembling step to the last stage at the topical anaesthetic dispersal centers and once demand becomes visible, last-place manufacturing/assembly activities such as power supply, packaging and labeling are carried out.Labeling postponement Strategy Labeling postponement is adopted when the products are marketed under different brand names or are distributed to different markets. For example at times the same OEMs are used by different brands for their products and the OEMs mark the products with labels after receiving respective orders. Similarly certain apparel distribution companies keep products 16unmarked and upon receipt of orders from various institutions print their logos before dispatching the orders. Packaging postponement StrategyPackaging postponement strategy is adopted when the products are marketed in different bundles or package sizes. 6 The final packaging is delayed till orders are confirmed. Packaging activities are generally performed in the downstream locations such as centralized distribution centers. Logistics postponement Strategy Logistics postponement involves a delay in the final movement of the goods. Instead of placing the goods at the final point in the supply chain, they are kept at a central location, with the aim of following the demand pattern for the final shipments. This helps to reduce the inventories in the supply chain 17 while at the same time improves customer responsiveness. 3 Maintaining inventories at final locations would increase the inventory costs while at the same time would result in stock outs at some locations and excess stock at other locations. Logistics postponement often involves the reposition of the final manufacturing activities downstream closer to the end user. This helps tokenly where local anaesthetic variations in terms of consumer preferences exist, which could be collapse, catered to by carrying out the final customization at the local distributer level.Logistics postponement suits those products, which have higher inventory cost and lower transportation costs. Logistics postponement in most of the cases requires a quicker and more responsive transportation system and can result in higher transportation costs. Benefits of using postponement strategy Successful postponement carrying into actions improve customer satisfaction while minimizing inventory costs. By improving their ability to respond to alterations in demand from local and global markets, companies are better able to compete on time while remaining cost competitive. Improvement in Customer Satisfaction Increased ability to offer a wider range of customized goods * Reduced lead time for orders diminution in Inventory Cost * Inventory costs shift upstream to less expensive generic products, which also reduces inventory obsolescence costs * Enables better proviso and allocation of resources by reducing the forecasting horizon * Reduces inventory costs by as much as 30% to 40% in successful implementations Improvement in Order Fill Rates * Since finished products are manufacture from generic components, companies are better able to deliver finished goods on time as a result of postponement.Bottom-Line Benefits * Overall, postponements primary benefits are to reduce the effects of market uncertainty and to meet customer needs, while effectively managing supply chain costs. In many cases, lower overall supply chain costs were achieved by respondents. Critical success factors and ideal candidate for postponement strategy The keys to a successful postponement strategy are to produce standardized products and to arrest customization at the most advantageous point in the supply chain.Proceeding from the af orementioned(prenominal) it is possible to allocate the following factors * Organizational buy-in and support is the primary fine success factor * Implementation of appropriate inventory deployment strategy * A postponement strategy is destined for failure without consistent top-down support from design through implementation * Product design modularity and business process reengineering are critical to ensure smooth execution * Collaboration among all internal functions of the supply chain, as well as with suppliers and customers * Proper inflection and incentives are also importantResolving the competing interests within a companys supply chain is also essential. Without collaboration, including sorts in the rewards and metrics structures of a supply chain, the changes associated with postponement often result in poor execution. In addition, external collaboration with suppliers and consumers is critical. If suppliers cannot respond to the changes as a result of postponement, a nd if product design is not tailored to customer requirements, postponement can result in cost overruns and increased lead times.The foundation of every successful postponement implementation is organizational buy-in. If management is not willing to take risks, implement momentous changes, and monitor adjusted metrics, they will be less likely to reap the benefits of postponement. While many industries and companies are prime for postponement, there are certain business conditions that position a company for a more successful postponement implementation. Prominent among these are companies that produce a significant chassis of products with short product life cycles and which have a supply chain able to support mass customization.Regardless of business conditions, effective postponement implementation still requires collaboration, organizational buy-in, concerted effort, and the right information technology backbone. Modular Concepts in the Framework of International Supply Chain Management By Yuliya Pronkina In recent years, the competitive dynamics in general and the demand for product customization in particular have increased considerably in virtually all industry sectors partly as a result of new low-budget competitors in the global markets and partly by change magnitude demand for technological operation.The ability to react quickly to unexpected market changes is one of the decisive reasons for the development of modular product architectures. If a company wants to remain competitive or expand its market share, it is posed to manage the compromise between such conflicting goals as * low costs * short lead times * high pure tone of product. Modular strategy is intended to resolve this conflict and be able to become a solution to growing interlacingity of customizable production. It closely links with modular platform systems.In fact, modularity alters manufacturer to combine advantages of mass production (high volume, large quantity production) an d product alteration (flexible and versatile manufacturing systems, product tailoring, etc. ) at reduced cost and increased economies of scale. All in all product development strategies such as modularity, product modular platform, etc are the key to achieving low cost customization The modular concept has played significant role in the development of mass customization. This article examines main aspects of modular concept in the modeling of global supply chain management.Definition of modules in the framework of global supply chain management To understand what modular strategy represents we tried to give the definitions of modules and find its real position among other strategies of mass customization. According to the Oxford Dictionary, definition of modules in general is following Module is each of a set of standardized parts or independent units that can be used to construct a more complex structure, such as an particular proposition of furniture or a building. There are co nvenient statements among authors of studies about general meaning of modularity.According to them we can conclude that modularity refers to an approach to organize complex products and processes efficiently by decomposing complex tasks into smaller parts. It allows the tasks to be managed independently and yet work together as a whole without compromising performance. Thus we can consider modularity as the ability to configure product variants by mixing and matching components within similar product architecture to create variety of kind without losing its functionality. Examples of modules would include many components in automobiles engines, transmissions, audio equipment, tire/wheel options, etc.In electronics, modules would include processor boards, power supplies, plug-in integrated circuits, and disk drives. In software, code could be written in modules (objects) that can be have into various combinations. In fabrication modular strategy is applied as flexible platforms fo r creation a significant number of product variations, modify a firm to gain cost savings through economies of scale from component crudeality, inventory, logistics, as well as to introduce technologically amend products more rapidly.Modular architectures allow firms to minimize the physical changes required to achieve some functional changes. Hence all the physical changes can be easily have without adding complexity to the manufacturing system and, hence, to managerial system. To explore the concept of modularity and consider it in the framework of supply chain management, we decided to compare the differences between integral and modular product architecture and make further comparisons between corresponding supply chain architecture.Product architecture. Integral product architectures are those in which each component is provided directly and specifically to overall performance. Parts and portholes tend to be proprietary. On a highly integrated product like a military airc raft, every part and system has been designed to perform a specific task. Modular product architectures use standard interfaces and can employ off-the-shelf components for much of assembly. Personal computers, clothing, and many other products employ modular architectures12.Supply Chain Architecture. Integral (traditional) supply chains require upright integration within a primary firm or prankish coupling of several firms in order to meet demanding, proprietary design specifications. Modular supply chain architectures are horizontal, with many competing firms specializing in aspects of the overall product. In other words, modularity in supply chains implies that the various units of organizations are freely divided, can operate independently, may be easily reconstructed.The concepts of product modularity and supply chain modularity are rather interconnected changes in the product architecture result in important implications for the supply chain structure and re-distribution of ac tivities crosswise the logistics networks. This figure 2 shows us the simple scheme of interconnections of final assembler and its suppliers in traditional supply chain and modular supply chain. (2) (1) insert 2. Simplified scheme of integral supply chain (1) and modular supply hain (2) In modular supply chain first gradation suppliers are providing modules in the form of subassemblies, are not only components, consequently a modular supply chain is characterized by the presence of value-adding tier-suppliers that coordinate the work of the second tier suppliers. In non modular supply chain the role of assemblier is played only by a local firm. In the result of rather different approach, modular supply chain fosters some distinctions comparing to the traditional one. In the following table we compare the main features of supply chain depending on its mode of organization. Table 2Main features of supply chain depending on its mode of organization11 Traditional supply chain Mass c ustomization supply chain Interface compatibility effects * Integrated vertical structure * eagle-eyed development lead times * Modular product architecture * Reduction of development lead time Component customization * Design and manufacturing focus * In-house product development * Standardized components * Autonomous innovation in NPD * Customer focus * Design for manufacturability Value inputs * Economies of scale * Exploiting advantages of market mechanism * Standardization of operations * Consolidation of out terminal point logistics * Outsourcing * Flexibility towards specific customers needs * Economies of scale and scope Supplier-buyer interdependence * Supplier involvement in development not critical * Multiple sourcing * Early supplier involvement in NPD * Strategic federation * Supplier as system integrator * High interdependence The good example of applying modular strategy in practice is the following.Two German self-propelling companies, Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz decided to develop the auto industrys modularization in the mid-1990s. Their built new plants, which started production in 1996 and 1997 according to the new modular concept on a relatively large scale, specifically at Volkswagens plants in Resende (Brazil), Boleslav (Czech), and Mosel (former einsteinium Germany), and Mercedes-Benzs plants in Vance (U. S. ) and Hambach (France). These plants had two main features. One is that they have assembled cars from relatively large subassemblies. As we can know a car is a system made up of numerous components. At conventional plants, individual components for example, dick panels, gauges, and wire harnesses one by one to a vehicle body on the final assembly line.Instead, at those new plants, these individual components are subassembled on a separate line, and then installed as a module into a body on the final assembly line14. Suppliers procure their own materials and labor force to create separate modules, while Volkswagen provides the infrastructure and designs the interface between manufacturing units. These measures let companies reduce their costs, because on its new plants there were no need in blue collars (administrative staff), for instance, and its modular outsourcing made significant advantages which are resulted in an ability to issue a wider variety of final products in shorter time periods and at lower cost. Types of modularityThere are six types of modularity for the mass customization of products and services * component- sharing modularity, * component-swapping modularity * cut-to-fit modularity * mix modularity * bus modularity * sectional modularity. The following characteristics of different types of modularity are through with(p) by contemporary authors who are mostly referring to Ulrich and Tung study bedrock of Product Modularity (1991). We supposed it is convenient typology and decided to base further information on this ground (figure 3). In component-sharing modularity, the same componen t is used transversely in different products to provide economies of scope.There is a base unit of common components and changeable part. This kind of modularity never results in true individual customization, but allows reducing costs and increasing variety of products. Figure 3. Types of modularity In component-swapping modularity it is possible to change options on a standard product. Modules are selected from a list of options to can be added to a base product, for example cars. The good example for this is the Configurator on the internet site of Volkswagen, where customers can choose additional features which can be added to the base model with several clicks. So customer can make a decision which is convenient for him.Cut-to-fit modularity is similar to component-sharing and component-swapping modularity, except that one or more of the components is variable. The module can be changed before it is combined with other modules. The good examples for it are eyeglasses, or clothi ng. Mix-modularity is also similar to component-sharing and component-swapping modularity, but is distinguished by the fact that when combined, the modules lose their unique identity. An example is house paint. When particular colors of paint are mixed together, those components are no longer visible in the end product16. Bus modularity uses a main platform that can add different components to it.So in the result there is the infrastructure that is really required for each consumer. Sectional modularity is the type of modularity that provides the biggest variety and customization among other types of modularization. Functionally it is rather close to component swapping, but focuses on arranging standard modules in a new, unique form16. In this case each component is connected to another making achievable the configuration of any number of different types of components. The most popular example is Lego. To be able to use this type of modularity a manufacturer has to develop a special interface of its product that allows sections or objects of different types to interlock16.Benefits and drawbacks of modularity, requirements for implementing of the concept pickings all into consideration we can list main benefits of modular strategy * Economies of scale and scope which mean an ability to improve overall performance of production concentrating on divided modules. Suppliers and sub-suppliers have an opport haleness to produce higher volume of its modules and apply its core-competencies to production. * Increased possibility of product/component change and updating. Since each module interface is strictly specified, changes can be made to a module independently of other modules, as so as it is wider open for further product development. * Reduced order lead-time.Since modules are manufactured in relatively large volume, the logistics of production can be unionized so as to reduce manufacturing lead time. Hence, the order lead time can be reduced. * Development of pr oduct variety. The use of modules means that a great product variety can be achieved using different combinations of modules. * Separated tasks. Since the interfaces and modules have been standardized, their interfaces enable design tasks and production tasks to be decoupled. This dividing can result in reduced task complexity and in the ability to complete tasks in parallel. For instance it is easier to test it before final assembly, fibre management can become more efficient due to spaced modules. The ease of product upgrade, maintenance, repair, and disposal. Customer without any problem can change one module to another, for example he can buy an ameliorate video card for his computer, or change an engine module in his automobile17. Although applying modular design provides a number of advantages crosswise the organization, companies must also consider the less discussed drawbacks when evaluating the decision to implement modular design or reviewing existing modular processes. * High Initial Investment. The initial costs to reconfigure existing systems and processes are high. Reconfiguring to the modular design is a complex task, which may disrupt the existing flow of the product pipeline. Lack of Customer-Centricity. Focusing on cost-efficiencies company can lose clear vision of customer needs. * Coordination Complexity. Modular design requires a significant restructuring of processes and can increase product development complexity if companies do not assign clear ownership and collaboration with suppliers in a well-planned implementation process to avoid duplication of processes and inconsistency across product specifications, purchase orders, and manufacturing plans. * Supplier Risk . Companies can experience delays, faulty specifications, and poor material part. Hence there is a necessity of well-organized control in this case.Also, companies may have to share information and technical expertise to ensure suppliers deliver according to new specif ications and cost. A company surrendering too much technical expertise, especially in areas that provide a competitive advantage, may lose technical control to the supplier * Intellectual proportion Risk. Producing modules simplifies the product architecture, enabling competitors to recognize without difficulty technologies and copy modules. According to that, organizations must increase patent documentation to prevent competitors using key modules in their product architectures. In modular supply chain management, suppliers have a relatively high degree of freedom in production.However it is possible only with long-term commitments and aggressive cost goals. It is clear, that modular strategy has its basic requirements for the suppliers and manufacturers which enable them work together to create value. To implement modular strategy company should be able to meet such requirements, as following * extra organization structure. The organization structure should be flatter with fewe r levels, and creates a freedom for the coordination among processes (modules). It focuses on a high degree of cross-functional integration and employee participation. This results in a much higher degree of decentralization in decision making.Besides, the structure is open to suppliers as well as customers because they (suppliers and customers) are considered extensions of the organization * Management focuses on three parts supplier relation, customer relation, and resource management * Readiness of inputs when needed (this requires an effective supply network), skillful, highly meliorate employees with excellent technical qualifications * High standardization of components. Also adjusting a companys organizational structure with a modular product architecture requires the constant support and enduring responsibility of the top management. The level of quality control and coordination in development of modules should be in a high level.Effective development and efficient use of m odules requires changes in the existing processes in many ways. Modularization in automotive industry (Volkswagens modular strategy) As usual, the automotive industry is a leader in implementing and communicating a modularization strategy. The Volkswagen Group is characterized by its global presence and comprises numerous brands. The Volkswagen Group bases its great success on three major modules which are shared on a broad scale. The successfully implemented modularization strategy is one of the key factors which will enable the Volkswagen Group to become the world leading car manufacturer, not only in terms of sold units but also in terms of superior margins8.Now The VW Group is a large automotive empire encompassing 10 brands, 240 models produced across 94 sites in 153 markets, totaling over 8. 3 million vehicles made each year. The sheer scale of its operations across so many different countries meant that variability of its products is very high. Applying of modular strategy by Volkswagen meets customers expectations for a growing variety of vehicle models, equipment features and design. Through the modularization of the body, vehicles can be produced in different stages for the length, width and wheelbase an approach that benefits the manufacturing process. Well discuss the main features of Volkswagen modular strategy created in its Modular Transverse Toolkit (MQB) in the next chapter.To sum up, companies that are striving to be competitive and still want to have a relatively high profit margins and market shares in our case can choose mass customization strategies and modular strategies in particular because * Modularity makes complexity manageable * Modularity enables parallel work * Modularity is tolerant of uncertainty. Shared platform strategies in the framework of international supply chain management. By Alexander Manzhosov Abstract The logical order of development of international markets, industries and customers behavior led businesses to a ne w frontier of competition for manufacturing industries as well as for service industries to Mass Customization.The core reason for such a change in the market concept was a dramatically increase in diversity of consumers needs within market segments. And as the world recognize guru of management Peter Drucker once state Its a customer who determines what a business is. Its the customer alone whos willingness to pay for a good or for a service converts economic resources into wealth, things into goods. Translated to the real terms that meant for the manufacturers a new challenge of meeting various customers needs while carrying on following to basic trends of reducing costs and development times of a product and optimizing core business processes.Thats why platform strategies were designed and applied to increase the efficiency and profitability of manufacturing. This root word seeks to identify the phenomenon of shared platform strategies, research their advantages and disadvant ages for supply chains and study the consequences of implementing the strategy on the case of Volkswagen Group. Key words mass customization, shared platform strategies, supply chain. Introduction Many modern manufacturers are desire new ways to improve their Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and concentrating their facilities on cost reducing while offering the collection of competitive goods in many different market segments. And one of the methods of achieving this goal is by implementing shared platforms approach.The benefit is possible to be gained because of coordinating of engineering processes with the actual production system and supply chains. The platform allows companies to share not only components, but also production tools and machinery. Thus our first effort to establish the basis of the concept of sharing platforms among the family of products is to define the term platform. After that there is a further problem of realization in which way does the concept shine th e company and how the enterprise can get a competitive advantage by mean of implementing shared platform strategies. Platform concept The ideas of sharing platforms have received increasing attention in product development and operations management in the time when mass customization era arose.So companies had to produce goods and services to meet individual customers needs with near mass production efficiency. The platform concept is closely tied to models of product architecture, modularization and standardization. The platform itself can be defined as a relatively large set of product components that are physically connected as a stable subassembly and are common to different final models. The definition has been utter above can be clarified by Figure 4. Figure 4. Three different products build on the same platform The figure illustrates the general idea of platforms sharing. Three different products are assembled by feature elements A, B, C, D, E.According to the illustration it can be concluded, that this product family consists of the element A (platform) and a set of other elements used in a modular way. What emerges from the definition and illustration that in general designing a platform is about creating common shared components and systems throughout a family line, while providing differentiated features and benefits to add value to each production unit (Figure 5). Figure 5. Common principle of sharing platforms . The trick here is that totally different at the first sight products from different brands and from different price segments of the market can be equal in engineering terms.Still the platform is not a cosmopolitan cure. And based on empirical evidence there are some preconditions of implementing platforms * The product family shares basic groups of elements * The product family is supposed to have a long lifecycle * The level of interconnected systems among the product family is relatively high * The technological environment of the mar ket tends to constant updates * The core functionality of the products is stable but variable in the terms of non-core functions All these criteria are not ultimate and the suitability of decisions taken depends on specificity of organizations type and the product characteristics as well.It also should be added, that depending on criteria mentioned above and the target of the manufacturer, platforms can be categorized into 3 types * Modular * Scalable * Generational The main difference by such a categorizing emerges owing to the strategy of launching the product line. The modular platform usually allows designing functionally different product variants. On the contrary, scalable one aims at creating functionally equal products of many capacities. And the last one, the generational platform is used to be a basis for new generation development. The reasons of implementing platforms It follows from what has been said above, that the platform concept is a quite flexible approach for ma nufacturers, provided sometimes it seems vital for staying competitive on the market.And now we can pass on to the issues closely related to the platform implementation and its consequences for the companies operations and supply chain structure. Nowadays critical issues for consideration in the Supply Chain Management (SCM) are cost containment, development know-how and resources, product quality and logistics. As the supply chain can be represented as the combination of enterprises involved in activities from the supply of raw materials to the manufacturing and delivery of the goods to the customers, the success of the whole supply chain depends on how to generate the most efficient configuration of the products, manufacturing processes and supply sources. In this connection a question is bound to arise whether the shared platform approach is an effective method or not.This brings us to advantages and disadvantages of such a scheme. Advantages and disadvantages of implementing sh ared platform strategies The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process. And according to the purpose announced from m point of view its possible to classify advantages of shared platform strategy into three key groups * Quantitative * soft * Customer-oriented Quantitative advantages by this mean include such factors as 1. The Global standardization 2. The Economy of scale 3. The rationalization and the reduction of R&D costs The value of the standardizations is quiet obvious.By creating a common platform for the product line the company creates flexibility, which allows not only to produce dissimilar models according to individual customers and even countries tastes but also provides an opportunity to standardize production facilities and streamline logistics and management as well. The economy of scale in this case follows directly from the previous factor the commonality of the exploiting components, modules, mech anisms, assembly lines reduce overall costs and simplifies the business and technological processes within the company sparing human and monetary resources. The next important issue concerns R&D costs. The unity of components under one single platform helps dramatically minimize the cost of developing product lines. Once the platform is designed, the company doesnt need to spend millions on engineering new components.And platform efficiency the ratio between the average R&D costs (or development time) for derivative product over the cost (or time) spent for the platform increases (the lower the ratio the more efficient the platform is). such an effect is possible because different products share the same technology process, structure and production mechanisms. Qualitative advantages include 1. Increased quality and innovations 2. Easer inventory management The proposed components commonality is a multi-oriented tool platform sharing allows manufacturers to design parts with fewer variation. A byproduct of this is increased quality, which results in lower defect rates.On the other hand, people want value for their money they want new technologies. And eliminating the need to engineer separately thousands of parts allows research and development assets to be focused on fewer technologies fostering innovation and quality improvements in the minor set of technologies. One more critical point is inventory management. Its unmistakable that in any supply chain a tremendous amount of inventory is held in the form of components. And its essential to mention that the inventory amount corresponds always to the uncertainty of demand for the finished product. In that way by implementing a platform the manufacturer is able to use it in multiple finished products.So the demand for the platform and all components the platform consists of is an accruement of the demand for all cross-platform finished products. Thats why the use of common components (or set of compone nts platform) in a variety of products has been a very effective supply chain strategy to exploit aggregation and reduce component inventories. Another clear benefit concerns the relations between suppliers and manufacturer. By implementing platforms the producer decreases the uncertainty of demand on different components. That creates a win-to-win situation for both business partners by enabling them to build long-term relationships. The last group of advantages is customer oriented and includes 1. Faster response to changing market needs 2. Greater product varietyIts critical to mention, that this group of pros can be clearly defined through observation on previous advantages. And faster response to changing market needs occurs because platform sharing allows manufacturers to design and launch new products faster and cheaper. And the trick is here that the development and cost of the original platform for new goods have already been paid for. Such flexibility provides an opportun ity to the company to diversify its assortment and satisfy different market shares. However its impossible to complete the study without play up some possible problems when using platform approach 1. Product dilution 2. revulsion 3. Risk concentrationProduct dilution means that a platform, depending on the common machines and systems, can be extended thin if it becomes a source of too many disparate models. Moreover, platforms that span across models of different stature increase the risk of cheapening prodigality products or adding unnecessary cost to lower-end segment. Another challenge is incompatibility. A platforms differentiating technologies must be carefully engineered to integrate with the standardized systems. Otherwise, producers will have to perform modifications to make the two types of technologies compatible. These compatibility regulations first of all are not differentiating modifications and secondly they provide zero value of their own to the finished product. The last but not the least possible problem is the risk concentration.Producers may face greater overall risk if the underlying platform theyve developed and implemented is accident-prone. A defect in a standardized technology multiplies the risk across the whole product line, which leads to expensive authorisation recalls. Shared platform strategies As has been indicated, in general implementing a platform promises much more benefits than negative consequences. And once the decision to implement platforms is considered, there are various strategies for the product implementation (Figure 6). Some of the most astray practiced platform strategies are No supplement, Vertical Leveraging, Horizontal Leveraging and the Beachhead Approach. Figure 6. Shared platform strategiesNo Leveraging platform is usually designed especially for a single market segment. Such strategy is implemented for high scale goods wi

Media Bias in Politics Essay

Media bias is alive and well in politics. It is a edge handlingd to describe prejudice in parole and media reports, in which it is perceive as an imbalance or unfair presentation of particulars or selective reporting of which events or facts are reported. Media bias is present in any aspect of Ameri mint politics, and plays a signifi after partt role in influencing voters opinions and beliefs. The media frames the data that voters utilize within their decision making process. As a result, some have voiced their concern that the media may be conventionally distorting governmental opinion.Media bias has the ability to make voters bias, and hence, bias policy decisions. It is a fierce cycle that can either make or break a candidates campaign, as well as their chances of obtaining an office seat. It can make a villain out of a candidate or make him/her a hero. The media affects the publics interest in politics by presenting the mass with what they want to see and hear. Within a campaign, the media will focus their care on the issues that they consider to be the most important.The other issues will be ignored, or placed on the arse burner. This goes for candidate insurance coverage as well. The media will focus on the candidates they consider most important, and the others will be ignored. One of the most prominent examples of media bias in politics dates back to the first televised Presidential debate between Kennedy and Nixon in 1960. It showed just how colorful the media was toward public figures that oozed charisma and harbored a strong emotional presence. It tarnished the campaigns of those whose auras were less engaging.On idiot box, Kennedy appeared to the general public as young, vibrant full of charisma, and needless to say, television friendly. Nixon on the other hand, appeared to the general public as grizzly and uninteresting, non suitable for television. A poll conducted after the televised debate suggested that radio set listeners th ought Nixon had won, while television viewers thought Kennedy had won, by a landslide. Needless to say, Kennedy emerged as the first President made for television. some semipolitical candidates use the power of image, projected by the media, to influence viewers.When travel rapidly for President, Bill Clinton used the media to his advantage, appearing on intercourse shows where he vie his saxophone. To the public, this made him appear more(prenominal) of a people person, more accessible, and more charismatic. Barack Obama did the same thing, appearing on the View, SNL, and several other talk shows. The media loved this fun-loving side of Obama, and from this projected image, so did the American people. Other political candidates have had terrible luck with media bias. Ron Paul is a prime example. The media envisioned Ron Paul as the joke of the 2008 Presidential election.He acquire really little coverage. He was that boring, old guy with the uncommon Libertarian views. He did not appeal to the American people, and as a result, was considered unelectable. Media bias is also cognise to greatly affect women candidates. A recent study showed that men received substantially more press coverage than women. Men had about in two ways as many stories written about them than women. Furthermore, research showed that stories about feminine candidates were big on emphasizing their physical appearance and personal lives. at that place were approximately three times as many physical descriptions (referencing their clothe style, hair, age, etc. ) as their male competitors in the race. Furthermore, women candidates were portrayed in a stereotypical light, as being more emotional and oftentimes, their professional titles were excluded from stories. In the 2008 presidential election, Obama was far more prominent in the press than his female person competitor, Hillary Clinton. Both candidates announced their run for presidency in January of 2007.Despite the fact t hat Clinton had higher poll ratings than Obama, the six most influential newspapers in the unify States ran twice as many stories mentioning Obama in the headline than Clinton that month. Sarah Palin is another cleaning woman candidate/ victim of disallow media bias. A great deal of the media coverage that Palin has garnered has been negative. The media focused a great deal on her physical appearance and her family life. During her campaign, her 17-year-old daughter, Bristol, became pregnant, and the media coldheartedly used that to bash Palins parenting skills, bringing personal life into politics.The media questioned how can Palin be a good president if she cant be a good mother? Furthermore, the media criticized Palin for not staying home to care for her dingy child who had been born with Downs Syndrome. Perhaps it is this brutal media bias towards women that scares them away from the political arena. The media is influential in politics, past, present, and future. For those who do not take the time to recrudesce themselves on matters of politics, they depend on the media to exhibit the news in a readily accessible form.It becomes easy to grasp how crucial the media is, and what the effects of the news on society will be. Media bias can make or break a political candidate. Positive and frequent media coverage wins elections. negatively charged and/or minimal media coverage loses elections. Some candidates have learned how to use the media to their advantage, while others have little control, unable to recover from the scars left from negative media bias. Media bias will forever be a part of American politics, and to be in its favor welcomes success.

American Immigration Essay

Immigration in the fall in States has been a major part to population growth and cultural change throughout much of the tribes history. Throughout the years 1880 through 1925 the United States witnessed a move up in in-migration. Many of these foreigners came to America in hopes of striking it rich, get aside from monarchies, and just simply be free as America was know for (Doc A). In the early 1880s, in-migration was gladly welcomed, but as clock progressed, government saw it as a growing problem.The more aspects of immigration caused controversy in economic benefits, jobs for the non-immigrants, settlement patterns, crime, and even voting behavior. congress has passed laws that have to do with immigrants especially in the 19th century such as the Chinese Exclusion minute in 1882, and the Immigration Act of 1903 all to brood specific laws and boundaries to be set on immigrants. The liveness of immigrants has been drastically changed throughout the years of 1880-1925 thro ugh American suspicion of European communism, and the immigrant resistance to Americanization.Much of the controversy that was brought up during this time period was base on the fact that immigrants were coming over and taking over many jobs of the non-immigrants. Many Americans saw it unfair that the immigrants were gaining the wages that the Americans thought they deserved. They didnt prevail it fair that the immigrants just marched into America and demanded job opportunities, but that was what America was cognize for.Many groups of race were against the job openings for immigrants especially the National Peoples Party (Document C), who spoke out against the unfair laws, and demanded an end to any soma of emigration. There were also many other groups of people that opposed the demeanor the immigrants decided to live their lives, because most of the workers would just go over to the United States take jobs, earn money, and then return to their birth place (Doc. B).These peopl e also feared they would lose their jobs to these new immigrants that business would hire for cheaper pay. As a way to place boundaries and limit the amount of immigrants pouring in, Congress passed laws to insure specific laws to be set on solely immigrants. Laws such as Exclusion Act in 1882, the Gentlemens Agreement, and the Immigration Act of 1924 were instituted in order to control the composition of the U. S. population and effectively control immigration from European and Asian decent.

Examine critically the GLA proposal to introduce congestion charging

Traffic over-crowding has been a major problem for many of the cities in the UK and nowhere to a greater extent than in the substitution of the largest UK city and capital capital of the United Kingdom. It is known that 50% of drivers meter sacking though central capital of the United Kingdom is spent in queues and at degree times and that times of high amounts of traffic average speeds of vehicles ar on a lower floor 10 miles per hour (exaltation for London, 2001, Congestion Charging Introduction). It has been a key issue for the enthral authorities for some time and many efforts have been aimed at levelling this problem.The GLA (Greater London Authority), and in particular the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, has now decided to wait this problem head on and has issued a congestion charging shunning for central London. The flower is come to come into place on the 17th February 2003. The congestion charging organisation is intended to reduce the amount of motorists tak ing unnecessary trips through and through the centre if London, and to make them think of using man transport where possible. thither give be a germinate of i??5 for drivers who restrained wish to go through central London.The deposit exit move on on weekdays between the hours of 7am and 6. 30pm, there exit be no charge on weekends and domain holidays, the fee of i??5 provide be at a flat daily rate with no watch on the compute of times motorists go through the charging geographical zone. The fee brush off either be paid on the day or in advance, with passes to the zone available on a weekly, monthly and yearly fundament (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging How the scheme will work? ) Not everyone has to pay the charge there ar a number of dismisss and exemptions as part of the scheme.Residents who alive indoors the charging zone will receive a 90% discount providing they can give appropriate verification that they do in fact own the vehicle, they will then be subject to a i??10 administration charge to register with the TfL. Disabled badge holder will receive a century% discount but they will have to register and pay the i??10 fee. Others receiving a hundred% discount are certain NHS vehicles and firefighters operational vehicles. There are in like manner a number of exemptions from the charge, which do not have to register with TfL either. These are motorbikes, Black cabs and mini-cabs.Also exempt from the charge are Emergency attend vehicles, NHS vehicles exempt from vehicle excise duties, b maps and coaches. There are a number of other types of vehicles that are exempt or receive a 100% discount for the charge (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging Who will pay? ). Theyre will be a fine for the registered keeper of any vehicle which has been caught in the charging zone without having paid the charge will be penalised by the amount of i??80, this will go down to i??40 for payment within the week, or it will rise to i??120 if the fine is not paid on time.However, motorists will be able to pay the charge at the normal rate of i??5 before 10pm on the day and at a rate of i??10 from 10pm bowl midnight (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging Penalties). The scheme will be enforced by a number of powerful and highly technological cameras which will be fixed a in and most the congestion charging zone. There is an initial set up budget of i??200 meg, and i??100 one thousand thousand worth of traffic management measures. The scheme is set to raise around i??130 million a year, which is by law, should in all be spent on transport improvements within Greater London.After rounds of public consultation over a ten-week period starting in July 2001, the London Mayor has decided to go up with the proposed scheme, and without any glitches should go ahead on the 17th February 2003 (TfL, 2001,Congestion Charging Fact Sheets Basic proposals of the central London scheme). The scheme itself has many benefits along with drawbacks to road users, re sidents, businesses motorists and the environment. All of these will be touched and care and consideration should be interpreted when considering the significance of the charge on the various groups.The largest and foremost benefit of the scheme would be the bring down amounts of congestion in the key zone, i. e. Central London. Even though there are many motorists who consider their trips through central London vital, there will be a number of motorists who will avoid the zone during the charging hours, because they do not need to make that trip. The estimated level of reduction in vehicles expiration inside the zone would be 10-15%, with a 20-30% reduction in the in the levels of congestion.This would then aid in the speeding up of traffic, which is estimated to join on by 10-15% (TfL, 2001, congestion charging- benefits). The levels of traffic now cause negative externalities, where Marginal fond Costs (MSC), public cost, is greater than Marginal Private Costs (MPC), costs to the individual. The motorists only take into account the cost of petrol and time taken for the trip, MPC. This does not take in to account the levels of pollution, noise and other muckles time that their vehicle is effecting, MSC.With the charge leading to the above levels of reduced traffic the sizing of the externality is reduced as the individual driver is bearing more of the cost. The charge that the Tfl have brought in is in relation to the size of the externality caused by the driver therefore getting closer to the social optimum in road use and traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in London being at its worst ever is alike be industry in and around greater London millions of pounds every year. In a study Alan Griffiths & Stuart Wall (2001), estimate that if traffic were reduced then Londons economy would be better off by i??1m a day.This would be a major boost for a city that at the moment looks unattractive and is sometimes over looked in favour of other cities be cause of the traffic congestion and the additional costs to business because of it. The scheme would also improve business efficiency and reduce the time employees and deliverers blow over on the roads, and would spend less on fuel consumption (Greens on the GLA, 2001). The TfL expect the scheme to raise around i??130 million a year, with a ten year investment plan to bufflehead it all in to transport improvements.This would no doubt improve public transport, namely buses and the underground, in many areas with improved and new routes planned and an increase in the number of buses and trains. There are investments planned in all areas in public transport, including implementing more safety regulations (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging Public Transport Improvements). This all has to occur fairly swiftly as the demand for the use of public transport will be stretched. The congestion charging scheme also has many consequences to it.With the reduction in congestion in the charging zone, there will be an obvious increase in traffic around the touch areas of the zone. The TfL are expecting there to be a 5% increase in traffic levels on orbital routes. This would raise the externalities, and the difference between MPC and MPC will increase. There is also an issue of this being like just some other assess and being regressive in its cause, therefore benefiting the rich and adversely affecting the poor. The rich will be able to pay the tax with no qualms, and will actually benefit from paying it as the people less able to pay the tax will be forced, not to drive in the zone.